Biology Q2

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

The breakdown of matter

(Memory aid: cats like to break things)

Question 2

Cellular Respiration

Answer 2

Breakdown of carbohydrates into energy

Question 3

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 3

Breakdown of glucose into energy using O2

Question 4

Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation

Answer 4

Partial breakdown of glucose into energy without O2

Question 5

What is the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration?

Answer 5

C6H12O2+6 O2 -> 6 CO2+6 H2O+ENERGY (ATP+HEAT)

One glucose combines with six oxygen to create 6 carbon dioxide, 6 water, and energy (in the form of ATP and heat)

Question 6

Redox Reaction

Answer 6

A chemical reaction in which electrons are gained or lost

Further divided into oxidation and reduction reactions

Question 7

Oxidation

Answer 7

An atom/molecule loses an electron, becoming oxidized

Question 8

Reduction

Answer 8

An atom/molecule gains an electron, becoming reduced (as its charge becomes more negative)

Question 9

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Answer 9

Glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized (loses an electron)

O2 is reduced (gains an electron)

Question 10

NAC+

Answer 10

A high-energy coenzyme that receives electrons to become NACH

(saddlebags are empty)

Question 11

NACH

Answer 11

A high-energy coenzyme that releases electrons to become NAC+

(saddlebags are full)

Question 12

What are the three steps of cellular respiration, in order?

Answer 12

• Glycolysis
• Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
• ATP Synthesis

Question 13

Pyruvate

Answer 13

A chemical made from approx. 1/2 of a glucose molecule, produced during glycolysis

Question 14

Glycolysis

Answer 14

First step of cellular respiration

Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 15

How much ATP does glycolysis use, and how much is produced?

Answer 15

Uses 2 ATP
Creates 4 ATP

Net gain of 2 ATP

Question 16

What substance is needed for pyruvate to enter the mitochondria?

Answer 16

O2

Question 17

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

Answer 17

Second step of cellular respiration

Breakdown of pyruvate into even smaller pieces

Combines pyruvate and coenzyme A (CoA) to create acetyl CoA, Co2, H+, and ATP

Question 18

ATP Synthesis

Do not confuse w/ ATP Synthase

Answer 18

The final step of cellular respiration

Uses electron transport chain and ATP synthase to create H2O and ATP

Question 19

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 19

A series of proteins that transport electrons along the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid, in order to combine hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms into water

Question 20

Enzyme

Answer 20

A protein that facilitates a chemical reaction

Question 21

ATP Synthase

Not to be confused with ATP synthesis

Answer 21

A protein embedded in the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid

Hydrogen ions move across it, powering it like a turbine/waterwheel to combine ADP and P into ATP

Question 22

Two types of fermentation

Answer 22

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Question 23

The two phases of photosynthesis

Answer 23

• Light Reaction
• Calvin Cycle

Question 24

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 24

A reaction in which energy is released

Question 25

Anabolic Reaction

Answer 25

A reaction that combines/build molecules

Question 26

Photosynthesis

Answer 26

The process of converting sunlight energy into glucose

Question 27

Autotroph

Answer 27

A producer An organism that creates its own energy to sustain itself, rather than consuming other organisms

Question 28

Heterotroph

Answer 28

A consumer' An organism that consumes other organisms to sustain itself

Question 29

Chlorophyll

Answer 29

The green pigment inside the chlorplast, used to absorb indigo, violet, blue, red, orange light

Question 30

Thylakoid

Answer 30

Sacs inside the chloroplast, where the light reaction takes place

Question 31

Stroma

Answer 31

The fluid matrix inside the chlorplast but surrounding the thylakoids, where part of the calvin cycle takes place

Question 32

What is the chemical reaction of photosynthesis

Answer 32

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Question 33

Does light act like a particle or a ray?

Answer 33

Both

Question 34

Photon

Answer 34

A light particle

Question 35

Light Reaction

Answer 35

The first step of photosynthesis Light hits the photreceptors, causing them to break down H2O into O2, H+, and electrons. The elctrons are caried via the electron transport chain to create NAPDH. Meanwhile, ATP synthase creates ATP.

Question 36

Calvin Cycle

Answer 36

The second stage of photosynthesis ATP, CO2, and NADPH combine to create glucose

Question 37

NAPD+ NAPDH

Answer 37

A high-energy molecule used in photosynthesis by carrying H+ The plant equivalent of NAD+ and NADH