biology unit test one

Question 1

what is the cell theory?

Answer 1

biology hours on three important ideas
1. all living things are made up of one or more cells
2. the cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
3. all cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter

Question 2

what are prokaryotes?

Answer 2

the simplest, single celled life forms
do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound
EXAMPLE: archaea and bacteria

Question 3

what are eukaryotes?

Answer 3

cells witj more complex internal organization
can include single celled or multi organisms
EXAMPLE: all protists, fungi, animals

Question 4

eukaryotic cells have specialized components called _____

Answer 4

organelles

Question 5

organelles perform a special function for the cell… what do cells perform?

Answer 5

use energy
store materials
remove waste
reproduce

Question 6

what is a cytoplasm?

Answer 6

where all organelles in the cell are suspended
mostly water, also contains many other substances
where many chem reactions occur
texture can change from jelly to liquid
allows organelles to move around

Question 7

what is the cell membrane and its functions?

Answer 7

flexible and double layered
supports the cell, allowed some substances to enter the cell and keep others out, semi permeable membrane

Question 8

what is the nucleus?

Answer 8

contains genetic info which controls all cell activities
genetic info is stored on chromosomes
chromosomes contain DNA
DNA is copied when a cell divides so nee cells have a complete set of chromosomes

Question 9

what is the mitochondria?

Answer 9

powerhouse of the cell
makes energy available to the cells
makes enzyme that convert stored energy (glucose) into a useable form
this process is called cellular respiration

Question 10

what are the vacuoles and its functions?

Answer 10

single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac.
containing substances
removing unwanted substances from the cell
maintains internal fluid pressure (turgor) in the cell
different in plant vs animal cell

Question 11

what are golgi bodies?

Answer 11

collect and process materials to be removed from the cell
make and secrete mucus

Question 12

what are the ribosomes?

Answer 12

each cell contains thousands of ribosomes
ribosomes are involved in the process of photosynthesis
they are found on endoplasmic reticulum and floats throughout the cell

Question 13

what are vesicles?

Answer 13

they transport materials throughout the cell
they are small and spherical

Question 14

what is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 14

protein fibres which provide structure, anchors organelles and allow for movement within the cytoplasm

3 types:

micro tubules (assemble and disassemble, movement, cell divison)

intermediate filaments ( strongest, cell shape, anchors organelles)

microfilaments ( muscle contraction)

Question 15

organelles in plant cells?

Answer 15

CELL WALL: provides protection and support the cell; porous structure made up of glucose

VACUOLE: one large vacuole taking up most of the space in the cell; fill with water to keep the cells pump and stems and leave firm

CHLOROPLASTS: contain chlorophyll and give leaves their green colour; absorb light for photosynthesis

Question 16

what is photosynthesis?

Answer 16

process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
CO2 + H2O + energy (sunlight) = glucose + O2

Question 17

what are the types of tumours?

Answer 17

Benign and malignant tumour

Question 18

what is the benign tumour?

Answer 18

no serious effects on surrounding tissues
cells are not cancerous
can grow so large it crowds nearby cells and tissues which may affect their function

Question 19

what is the malignant tumour?

Answer 19

interfered with the functioning of nearby cells
such as enzyme or hormone production
may even destroy surrounding tissues
cells are cancerous

Question 20

causes of cancer??

Answer 20

mutations: random changes in dan which either result in cell death or allow cell survival and continued growth and division

carcinogens: environmental factors that may cause mutations, resulting in cancer. tobacco smoke, radiation, viruses, chemicals in plastics,

heredity: dna passed from one generation to the next
ex, breast cancer and colon cancer

Question 21

what is cancer?

Answer 21

broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division. results from changes to FNA which control the cell cycle. cells don’t stay in interphase long enough and miss checkpoints. tneh continue to divide despite message from the nucleus to stop. this causes a tumour (rapidly growing mass of cells)

Question 22

what are the states that eukaryotic cells go into as they grow and divide?

Answer 22

1. interphase (growth and repair)
2. mitosis (cell division)
3. cytokinesis (cell division)

Question 23

what is interphase?

Answer 23

longest stage that prepares cell for division
cell carries out all life activities except division
growth
cellular respiration
specialized functions for that specific cell type
DNA is long thin invisible strands
strands duplicate into 2 identical strands of DNA
more organelles form

Question 24

what is cell division?

Answer 24

occurs in TWO stages:
mitosis (division of DNA in the nucleus)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

cytokinesis: (division of the rest of the cell- cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane)

each cell division produces 2 daughter cells (genetically identical cells)

Question 25

what is a chromosome?

Answer 25

structure in the nucleus made of a portion of DNA, condensed structure that’s visible under a microscope

Question 26

what is sister chromatids?

Answer 26

two identical strands of DNA

Question 27

what’s a chromatid?

Answer 27

an individual strand of DNA

Question 28

what is a centromere?

Answer 28

holds the sister chromatids together

Question 29

what is prophase?

Answer 29

1st phase of mitosis DNA condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 30

what is metaphase?

Answer 30

2nd phase of mitosis chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell also called the metaphase plate

Question 31

what is the anaphase?

Answer 31

3rd phase of mitosis centromere splits

Question 32

what is anaphase?

Answer 32

3rd phase of mitosis centromere splits sister chromatids separate and are called “daughter chromosomes” daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell

Question 33

what is telophase?

Answer 33

final phase of mitosis daughter chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and lengthen nee nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell

Question 34

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 34

final stage of cell division cytoplasm divides 2 genetically identical daughter cells are produced animal cells: cell punches off in the center, forming 2 new cells plant cells: cell wall forms between cells, sealing off contents of the new cells from each other

Question 35

moving the chromosomes??