Biomechanics - Biomechanical Principles 2 Flashcards by Matthew Sandley

What have different authors proposed that underlies coordinated movements in sports? How often is it used? When does it work best?

Different principles.
Often.
Low-skilled individuals.

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What can the movement principles approach potentially lead to?

Can lead to blind alleys as not all principles apply to different movements.

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Examples of authors who have written about movement principles? Year written?

Knudson (2003)
Bartlett (2014)
Lees and Robinson (2015)
Burkett (2019)

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How many movement principles does Burkett (2019) have? What form are they in?

7 questions.

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1st Burkett (2019) principle?

Does the athlete have optimal stability when applying or receiving force?

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2nd Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete using all the muscles that can contribute to to the skill?

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3rd Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete applying force with the muscles in the correct sequence?

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4th Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete applying the right amount of muscular force over the appropriate time and distance?

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5th Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete applying force in the correct direction?

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6th Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete correctly applying torque and momentum transfer?

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7th Burkett (2019) principle?

Is the athlete decreasing rotary resistance to spin slower?

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Torque? Units?

Force x Perpendicular distance from line of action.

Nm/Newton metres.

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Momentum transfer?

The amount of momentum transferred from one object to another during particle collision or interaction.

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Rotary resistance?

Controlling the speed of rotation.

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How many movement principles do Lees and Robinson have (2015) have?What form are they in & units?

17 principles.
4 x Speed (S)
7 x Force (F)
4 x Coordination (C)
2 x Specific performance (P)

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Lees and Robinson (2015) speed principles?

S1.) Whole body running speed.
S2.) Whole body rotational speed.
S3.) Limb rotational speed.
S4.) End point speed.

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Lees and Robinson (2015) force principles?

F1.) Maximum force production.
F2.) Range of motion.
F3.) Change of running direction.
F4.) Impact - stationary ball or object.
F5.) Impact - moving ball or object.
F6.) Stability.
F7.) Resistance to motion in fluids.

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Lees and Robinson (2015) coordination principles?

C1.) Action-reaction: simultaneous movements of opposing limbs.
C2.) Proximal-to-distal sequence of movements.
C3.) Simultaneous joint movements for force/power production.
C4.) Stretch-shorten cycle.

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Lees and Robinson (2015) specific performance principles?

P1.) Flight and projectile motion.

P2.) Speed-accuracy trade off.

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(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Around what distance is maximum running speed achieved?

40-50m of sprinting.

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(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When is running speed often controlled/kept sub-maximal by the performer?

Due to the complexity of the skill and/or the high forces involved.

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(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Why is the ability to accelerate important for field game athletes?

Because players are unlikely to reach their top running speed.

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(F4 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When hitting a stationary ball/object, where must the implement making the impact go?

Must move in the direction it is intended that the ball/object being hit should go to.

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(F4 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

5th principle.

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(F1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is required to produce maximum effective force?

A firm base on which to push.

(F1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) | Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

2nd principle.

(F2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The greater the limbs range of motion... How to achieve a greater muscle force?

...the longer muscle force is applied. | By contracting muscle over a greater range of motion.

(F2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

4th principle.

Momentum?

The product of the mass and velocity. | The quantity of motion which a body possesses.

Vector quantity? Examples?

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Momentum and acceleration are vector quantities.

Units of momentum?

kg.m/s

Impulse is calculated as the product of...

...force and time over which it acts.

Impulse formula?

Impulse = Force x Time.

Units of impulse?

Newton seconds (N.s)

What is a change in momentum?

An impulse.

Ft = mv2 - mv1?

- Impulse momentum equation. - F = Force - T = Time - mv2 = Final velocity - mv1 = Starting velocity

How can large impulses and momentums be created?

By large forces or long application times.

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How is a change in direction of motion when running produced? Example?

By applying a force at right angles (perpendicular) to the current direction of motion.

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When changing direction what is the player trying to maximise?

The friction force applied to the surface.

Friction force? Example?

Friction acts as a resisting force which is generated, when two solid surfaces slide against one another. E.g. when walking there is resistance between our feet/shoes.

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) In what way should friction force be directed?

Should be directed perpendicular to the current direction of motion.

A force (F) applied to a body causes an acceleration (a) of that body which has a...

...magnitude proportional to the force applied, and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How must the striking implement move when hitting a moving ball or object? At impact, what will the direction of the striking implement be like?

Must move in a direction that takes into account the motion of the moving object. Direction will be different from where the object goes.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The force (F) applied by the striking implement to the object, causes an acceleration (a) of that object, which has a...

...magnitude proportional to the force applied, and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

Divergence?

Paths/lines going in different directions.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is the divergence between the direction of the applied force and the direction of resulting motion related to?

The mass and speed of the two objects.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Mass + Speed?

= Momentum.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What 2 things do you need to consider prior to impact when using a force to cause an acceleration?

1. ) The velocity of the object prior to impact. | 2. ) The mass of the object prior to impact.

Force formula?

Mass x Acceleration = Force

What is acceleration? Acceleration formula?

- The rate of change in velocity. | - Force / Mass = Acceleration.

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The higher the mass when striking an object...

...the lower the acceleration.

Average acceleration formula?

Change in Velocity / Time.

What is acceleration a result of?

Net force.

Net force?

The vector sum of forces acting on a particle or body.

(C2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) A coordinated sequence of rotational movements are required to achieve...

...a high end point speed.

(C2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How is the speed of the end point in most throwing/striking/kicking skills built up?

Sequentially. | The speed of rotation of the earlier segment is built upon by the next segment to build up the speed of the end point.

(C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) For a linked body segment chain that includes several major points of the body, what is used?

Simultaneous joint movements are used when producing forceful actions for this.

(C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What do forceful/powerful movements require? Example?

Muscles about joints to act synchronously e.g. jumping for height - hip and knee muscles act simultaneously to generate high force.

(C2/C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to these principles?

3rd principle.

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is the outcome of the performance of many skills determined by?

Speed and accuracy.

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) As the demands for accuracy increases... - Example?

...the speed of movement decreases. | - Penalty kick in football.

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

4th.

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is a projectile?

An object moving through the air under influence of gravity.

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Outcomes of a projectile motion? Which on is most often the outcome?

- Range (most often). - Height reached. - Flight time.

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Mechanical factors that determine projectile motion? Which is most important?

- Height. - Angle. - Speed of release (most important).

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What specific effects can be important when considering flight and projectile motion?

Air resistance effects.

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When neglecting air resistance, the centre of gravity of a projected body follows a...

...parabolic flight path.

Parabolic flight path?

Upside down 'U' shape.

Centre of gravity/mass?

The mid point of the body, where all the mass of the body is balanced/equally distributed in all directions. The point through which the force of gravity acts.

The centre of gravity changes as...

...the parts of the body change their position.

Where does the centre of gravity not necessarily lie?

Within the body.

Horizontal displacement?

The distance a projectile has moved between its point of release and its point of landing, measured as a straight line parallel to the ground.

Horizontal displacement of a projectile is known as the...

...range.

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What characteristics of an object make it more stable? Example?

- Wide base. - Low centre of mass/gravity. - E.g. wrestling starting stance.

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle applies to this?

1st.

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Why, in many skills, is the aim NOT to maximise stability?

The athlete must be able to move quickly and in an instant.

Eccentric forces?

Forces which do not act through the centre of gravity of the body.

What is required to produce rotation?

Eccentric forces.

Line of action?

The line along which forces can act.

Biomechanics - Biomechanical Principles 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)