Physiology Test (Semester 1 Year 1) Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is the resting cardiac output in humans when at rest in the supine position?
A
Around 4.3L/min
2
Q
When does the sympathetic system dominate cardiac control?
A
When stress is being experienced and HR is above 100bpm
3
Q
How does blood move from the lungs, to the heart, and then to the body?
A
- ) Alveolar capillaries
- ) Pulmonary vein
- ) Left atrium
- ) Mitral valve
- ) Left ventricle
4
Q
When measuring blood pressure, where should a stethoscope be placed?
A
The brachial artery at the elbow joint
5
Q
What are the sounds heard when measuring blood pressure known as?
A
Korotkoff
6
Q
Formula for cardiac output?
A
Cardiac output = HR x SV
7
Q
Formula for stroke volume?
A
SV = EDV - ESV
8
Q
Formula for the ejection fraction?
A
Ejection fraction (%) = (SV divided by EDV) x 100
9
Q
What is a typical value for cardiac output in a non-elite athlete during running, cycling or swimming?
A
20-25L/min
10
Q
Formula for the respiratory exchange ratio?
A
RER = VCO2 divided by VO2
11
Q
Formula for energy expenditure?
A
EE = VO2 x kcal equivalent
12
Q
What factors affect EE?
A
Physical activity.
Hormones.
Pregnancy.
Illness.
13
Q
Formula for the fatigue index?
A
Fatigue index (%) = (Peak Power - End Power) divided by Peak Power x 100
14
Q
What is the correct resistance used during a Wingate test expressed as a % of body mass?
A
7.5%
15
Q
What are the systolic and diastolic values for normal blood pressure?
A
Systolic = Less than 120mmHg Diastolic = Less than 80 mmHg
16
Q
What are the systolic and diastolic values for prehypertension?
A
Systolic = 120-139mmHg Diastolic = 80-89mmHg
17
Q
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 1?
A
Systolic = 140-159mmHg Diastolic = 90-99mmHg
18
Q
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 2?
A
Systolic = 160mmHg+ Diastolic = 100mmHg+
19
Q
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hyper intensive crisis?
A
Systolic = 180mmHg+ Diastolic = 110mmHg+
20
Q
What is an RPE of 7 on the Borg Scale?
A
Very, very light
21
Q
What is an RPE of 9 on the Borg Scale?
A
Very light
22
Q
What is an RPE of 11 on the Borg Scale?
A
Fairly light
23
Q
What is an RPE of 13 on the Borg Scale?
A
Somewhat hard
24
Q
What is an RPE of 17 on the Borg Scale?
A
Very hard
25
What is an RPE of 15 on the Borg Scale?
Hard
26
What is an RPE of 19 on the Borg Scale?
Very, very hard
27
What is an RPE of 20 on the Borg Scale?
Maximum exertion
28
What are metabolic equivalents based on?
Multiples of oxygen consumption
29
Formula for relative VO2max?
Relative VO2max = L/min x 1000 divided by body weight (kg)
30
Typical aerobic capacity levels for girls aged 11-16?
37-43ml/kg/min
31
Why is aerobic function lower in children compared to adults?
Reduced aerobic enzyme activity.
| Reduced muscle mass.
32
What happens to the membrane when action potential begins?
It depolarises
33
What % decline occurs in physiological function as we get older?
1%
34
In an elderly population, what is the relationship between strength and age?
Negatively linear
35
Why will the characteristics of a power output profile be different in a sprinter than an endurance runner?
Peak power output will be higher and the rate of fatigue will be faster in the sprinter
36
What does MVC stand for?
Maximal voluntary contraction
37
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic recticulum?
It stores calcium
38
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells within a muscle associated with maturation
39
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at sea level?
159.1mmHg
40
What is the purpose of medical clearance prior to an exercise programme?
To identify risks.
To compare changes in health.
To prescribe an appropriate programme.
41
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In the mitochondria
42
When does peak height velocity occur in girls?
8-12 years of age
43
What happens to blood pressure as you age?
It increases
44
Units for work?
J
45
Units for body mass?
kg
46
Units for force?
N
47
Units for power?
W
48
Units for energy expenditure?
Kcal/min
49
Units for relative oxygen uptake?
ml/kg/min
50
Units for maximal voluntary ventilation?
L/min
51
Units for lactate concentration?
mM
52
Units for partial pressure of oxygen?
mmHg
53
Units for forced vital capacity?
L
54
What does hypertrophic growth involve?
An increase in the size of existing cells
55
Typical values for VO2max in ml/kg/min in 11-16 year old boys?
48-50ml/kg/min
56
Where does the heart receive its extrinsic nervous control from?
Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system
57
What is the % contribution of genetics to overall health status?
20%
58
What is the number 1 risk for global mortality?
High blood pressure
59
What is a high value of total cholesterol?
230+
60
What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?
To facilitate the uptake of glucose into cells
61
What is an ischemic stroke?
A stroke cause by interruption of blood supply
62
What is the correct protocol for the Bruce treadmill test?
- 3 min stages
| - 1.7mph on a 10% gradient
63
What type of anatomical landmark and shape are necessary when placing ECG electrodes?
Bone and triangle
64
Characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres?
- Moderately high oxidative capacity
- High glycolytic capacity
- Fast contractile speed
- Moderate fatigue resistance
- High motor unit strength
65
At approximately what age does peak physiological function occur?
30
66
How many muscle fibres do fast twitch motor units have?
300-800
67
Irrespective of whether it is from a male or female, the amount of force produced by one cm2 cross-sectional area of muscle is...?
16-30N
68
What does myosin release prior to being in a state of rigour?
Adenosine diphosphate
69
What stage of growth/development includes rapid growth and improved neuromuscular coordination?
Infancy
70
How many hours do favourable changes in blood glucose tolerance occur for?
72 hours
71
Equation for work done in a Wingate test?
Work done = Power x Time
72
What are the components of dyslipidaemia?
- Elevated low density lipoprotein
- Elevated total cholesterol
- Elevated triglyceride
73
1kcal is equivalent to how many joules?
4186J
74
What is the term for the ratio of CO2 expired to O2 consumed at the level of lungs?
Respiratory exchange ratio
75
What is basal metabolic rate?
The minimum amount of energy your body needs to sustain basic bodily function
76
Average total metabolic rate of an individual engaged in normal daily activity?
1800-3000kcal
77
How much oxygen per minute does the average body require to satisfy its resting energy requirements?
0.2-0.35 L/min
78
What is the energy expenditure above resting rate post exercise called?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
79
Correct order of body stores of fuels and energy in terms of kcal based on an average body mass of 65kg with 12% body fat?
1. ) Subcutaneous fat
2. ) Muscle glycogen
3. ) Intramuscular fat
4. ) Liver glycogen
5. ) Glucose in body fluids
80
What does aerobic glycolysis begin with?
Glucose or glycogen
81
What does aerobic glycolysis end with?
Pyruvate
82
The most rapid method to generate ATP during increased muscular work is through...?
ATP/PCr system
83
What are the three energy systems?
- ATP/PCr system
- Glycolytic system
- Oxidative system
84
What is the enzyme involved with the breakdown of ATP called?
ATPase
85
The term to describe a Pi molecule being added to ADP to form ATP is...?
Phosphorylation
86
When glycogen is used in the process of anaerobic glycolysis the number of ATP molecules synthesised is...?
3
87
In the absence of oxygen the end product of glycolysis Pyruvate is converted in to what?
Lactic acid
88
Is there 3-5 times more stored in PCr or ATP?
PCr
89
The release of energy from the breakdown of ATP is due to what?
The breaking of the bonds between phosphate molecules
90
What are the two co-enzyme carriers that transport hydrogen ions to the Electron Transport Chain called?
NAD & FAD
91
The Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain take place in which part of the cell?
Mitochondria
92
In the presence of oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to what during aerobic glycolysis?
Acetyl Co-enzyme A
93
Which ions are produced from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Hydrogen ions
94
How many mols of ATP are synthesised when glycogen enters the complete process of the oxidative system?
39
95
How many mols of ATP are produced at the end of the Krebs cycle process?
2
96
Fuel sources for the Oxidative system can come from which sources?
- Fats
- Carbs
- Protein
97
During sprint exercise of 30s duration, the aerobic energy system contributes to what?
Energy metabolism
98
How many fibres does a neuron that innervates fast twitch fibres innervate?
300+
99
How many fibres does a neuron that innervates slow twitch fibres innervate?
<300
100
What is the function of perimysium?
To surround groups of muscle cells known as fascicles
101
What is the receptor site for calcium in an actin filament?
Troponin complex
102
What does an absence of ATP in the binding site on the myosin head result in?
A rigor state where myosin is tightly bound to actin
103
What does the A line represent in a muscle fibre?
The length of thick filaments
104
What is the power stroke initiated by?
The release of inorganic phosphate
105
When is action potential generated?
- Stimulus generates 15-20mV
| - Activation threshold of -50mV is exceeded
106
What is a resting membrane potential?
-70mV
107
What is continual stimulation known as?
Tetanus
108
Which type of muscle contraction produces the greatest force?
Eccentric
109
What do type 1 fibres possess?
- Many oxidative enzymes
- Many mitochondria
- Myoglobin
- Large capillary density
110
Why is power greater in Type IIx fibres for the same absolute force?
They have a different form of myosin ATPase and have a more developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
