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Biomechanics Test 1 (New Stuff) Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

The Human Spine: Functions

A

protects the spinal cord, provides mobility to the trunk, provides stability to the trunk; absorbs and transmits forces; provides tendon and ligament attachment sites

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2
Q

Human Spine: Organization

A

24 Moveable Vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar); 8-10 fused vertebrae (5 sacral and 3-5 coccyx)

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3
Q

Human Spine: Motion Segment

A

two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissues between them; considered the functional unit of the spine

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4
Q

Spinal Curves - Primary

A

thoracic and sacral; present at birth; both in kyphosis (

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5
Q

Spinal Curves - Secondary

A

cervical and lumbar; develop from supporting the body in an upright position; both in lordosis

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6
Q

Spinal Curves

A

allows spine to absorb more shock without injury than if the spine were straight

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7
Q

Lumbar Spine: structural differences

A

spinous processes thick and straight, larger vertebral discs and vertebral bodies, slight wedge shaping from L/S curvature

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8
Q

Lumbar Spine: Structure

A

5 vertebrae, named L1-L5

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9
Q

Zygapophyseal Joints

A

superior and inferior articulating facets allow junction between adjacent vertebrae; plane synovial joints (joint capsule present); orientation changes with spinal location and determines available movement

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10
Q

Lumbar Spine: Ligaments

A

anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior length of spine), posterior longitudinal ligament (runs posterior surface from sacrum to C2), and supraspinous ligament (runs the length of the spine posteriorly over the spinous processes)

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11
Q

Lumbar Spine: nerve roots

A

exit through the intervertebral foramen; responsible for motor and sensory functions; status of intervertebral disc and facet joint has a direct impact on the health of the nerve roots

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12
Q

L.S.: flexors

A

abdominals, psoas

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13
Q

L.S.: extensors

A

iliocostalis lumborum, longisimus, interspinalis, intertransversi, and psoas

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14
Q

L.S.: Rotators/Extensors

A

mulitfidus, rotatorus

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15
Q

L.S.: Lateral Flexors

A

abdominus, quatratus laborum

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16
Q

Lumbar Spine: osteokinematics

A

Flexion/Extension greatest at lower segments L3-5; Lateral Flexion greatest at thoracolumbar junction at L3-5; Rotation the same throughout

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17
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Flexion

A

facet joints move apart (intervertebral foramen opens)

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18
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Extension

A

facet joints come together (intervertebral foramen closes)

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19
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Sidebend

A

on the right, the facet joints on right close and joints on left open; on the left, the facet joints on left close and joints on right open

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20
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Rotation

A

on the left, facet joints on left close and joints on right open; on the right, facet joints on right close and joints on left open

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21
Q

Coupled Motion

A

increases range of motion; changes depend on spinal rotation

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22
Q

L.S.: Coupled Motion: Flexion

A

sideband and rotation are coupled together; ROM will be greater with left sideband and left rotation

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23
Q

L.S.: Coupled Motion: Extension or Neutral

A

sideband and rotation are opposite; ROM will be greater when side bending left and rotating right

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24
Q

Disk Herniations

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A

a protrusion of part of the nucleus pulpous from the annulus of the spinal disk; most common between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae; part of the disk

25
Spondylolisthesis
forward displacement of a vertebrae
26
Facet Joint Syndrome
physical or chemical irritation of the medial branch nerve in the spine sends pain messages up to the brain
27
Spinal Stenosis
when the spinal nerve roots in the lower back become compressed and can produce sciatica; mimics symptoms of vascular insufficiency; mostly between L4-5 or L3-4
28
Thoracic Spine: Structural Differences
longer, thinner, and angled spinous processes; wider transverse processes; vertebrae articulate with the ribs
29
T.S.: Organization
12 vertebrae and 12 ribs; 1-7 are true ribs, 8-10 are false ribs, 11-12 are floating ribs
30
T.S.: Joints
include facet joints and articulations with the rib cage
31
T.S.: Joints: Anterior articulations of the rib cage
manubriosternal joint and xiphisternal joint; not a lot of motion
32
T.S.: Joints: Posterior articulations with rib cage
costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints (between transverse process and rib)
33
T.S.: Joints: Costovertebral Joints
synovial joints, articulation between vertebral body and rib; single articulation at T1, T10-12; dual articulation from T2-T9 (same level and level above)
34
T.S.: Flexors
same as lumbar spine
35
T.S.: Extensors
same as lumbar spine; also includes iliocostalis thoracic, longissimus, spinals thoracic, and semispinalis
36
T.S.: Lateral Flexors
same as lumbar spine
37
T.S.: Rib Kinematics
upper ribs (1-6) have a pump handle motion (anterior to posterior); middle ribs (7-10) have a bucket handle motion (medial to lateral); lower ribs (11-12) have a caliper action that opens up anteriorly
38
T.S.: Ventilatory Muscles: Primary and Secondary
primary are the diaphragm, intercostals, and scalenes; secondary are any muscle that attaches to the rib cage to the shoulder girdle, head, or vertebral column
39
T.S.: Breathing
diaphragm does 70-80% of inspiration action during quiet breathing; contraction leads to inspiration, relaxation leads to exhalation
40
T.S.: Pathologies
scoliosis, hypo mobility, costovertebral disorders, compression fractures, disc herniations
41
T.S.: Scoliosis
idiopathic, genetic, or congenital; named by convex side; structural due to bony deformity or non-structural due to functional scoliosis (postural, leg length discrepancy, muscle spasm); right scoliosis causes a left sidebend and a right rotation; rib hump on right
42
Thoracic Hypomobility
T5-7; worst region is in the inter scapular region due to the way we all sit at computers
43
Compression Fractures
when a bone in the spine collapses; happens most due to too much pressure on the body; a combo of bending forward and downward pressure; many reasons such as osteoporosis
44
Costovertebral Disorders
disorders affecting or involving the costotransverse and costovertebral joints and ligaments
45
Cervical Spine: Structural Differences
smaller vertebral bodies, transverse foramen present (contains vertebral artery and vein), bifid spinous process (C2-C6), and atlas and axis (C1 and C2)
46
C.S.: Organization
upper cervical spine (C1) and lower cervical spine (C2-T1)
47
C.S.: Ligaments
Apical ligament (dens to occiput), alar ligament (dens to occiput), and transverse ligament (atlas to atlas holding dens against atlas)
48
C.S.: Flexors
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, longus colli
49
C.S.: Extensors
splenius capitis, splenius crevicis, semispinalis
50
C.S.: Lateral Flexors
sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, scalenus anterior/posterior/medius
51
C.S.: Nerve Roots
eight nerve roots (C1-8); very little room due to compactness of cervical spine (high risk of injury)
52
C.S.: Facet Joints: Upper Cervical Spine
occiput- c1: mainly flexion/extension | C1-C2: more than 1/2 of total cervical spine rotation occurs here
53
C.S.: Facet Joints: Lower Cervical Spine
most flexion/extension at C5-6, but also a lot at C4-5 and C6-7; most degeneration at C5-6 followed by adjacent levels
54
C.S.: Coupled Motion: O-C1
flexion in opposite directions; extension or neutral in opposite directions
55
C.S.: Coupled Motion: C1-C7
flexion in the same directions; extension or neutral in the same directions
56
C.S.: Pathologies
whiplash injuries, disc herniations, spinal stenosis, cervical instability
57
Whiplash Injuries
when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration; shear force and extension moment at the junction between the cervical and thoracic spines are the underlying mechanisms causing neck motion and potential energy
58
Cervical Instability
dens not staying attached to the atlas; shifting or slipping of the vertebrae

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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