Quiz 2

Question 1

Synarthroses

Answer 1

immovable joints; has two types

Question 2

Sutures

Answer 2

an example of a synarthroses; completely immovable; bone on bone

Question 3

Syndesmoses

Answer 3

an example of a synarthroses where fibrous tissue binds bones together; ex: mid-radio-ulnar joint

Question 4

Amphiarthroses

Answer 4

slightly moveable joints; two types:

Question 5

Synchondroses

Answer 5

wherein the articulating bones are joined by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; the sternocostal joints;

Question 6

Symphyses

Answer 6

disc separating bones via fibrocartilage; typical of a symphysis joint (pubic symphysis)

Question 7

Articular Fibrocartilage

Answer 7

soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones, as exemplified by the menisci in the knee; cushions and absorbs shock; deepens joints; distributes load over joints; limits slip between bones; protects bone periphery; lubricates joint

Question 8

Diarthroses/Synovial

Answer 8

freely moveable joints; characterized by articular cartilage, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, and bursae

Question 9

Articular Cartilage

Answer 9

hyalin cartilage; a protective layer of dense white CT covering the articulating bone surfaces; spreads load over a wide area, thereby reducing contact stress; provides lubrication that minimizes friction and mechanical wear

Question 10

Articular Capsule

Answer 10

a double-layered membrane that surrounds the joint; range of mobility depends on various joints

Question 11

Synovial Fluid

Answer 11

a clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule

Question 12

Associated Bursae

Answer 12

small capsules filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate;

Question 13

Bursitis

Answer 13

inflammation of the bursae; common in trochanter space, knee, hip (posts sliding over pubic bone), etc.

Question 14

Joint Stability

Answer 14

ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

Question 15

Instability

Answer 15

joints move too far and have symptoms due to this;

Question 16

Laxity

Answer 16

far movement of joints with no symptoms

Question 17

Functional Stability Dependent On:

Answer 17

neural subsystem, muscular subsystem, and osteoligamentous subsystem

Question 18

Neural Subsystem

Answer 18

CNS and PNS

Question 19

Muscular Subsystem

Answer 19

muscles and their tendons and fascia

Question 20

Osteoligamentous Subsystem

Answer 20

bony sxs, joint capsules, ligaments, intervertebral discs; passive subsystem

Question 21

Close Packed

Answer 21

where the joints are touching the most; stability is maximal here;

Question 22

Open Packed

Answer 22

where the joints are touching the lease; where mobilizations should begin

Question 23

Factors that Increase Joint Stability

Answer 23

less mobile joints are more stable while more mobile joints are less stable; a strong array of ligaments an muscle tendons crossing the joint; and absence of muscle fatigue

Question 24

Joint Mobility

Answer 24

a description of the relative ranges of motion allowed at a joint in different directions

Question 25

Range of Motion

Answer 25

the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction;

Question 26

Osteokinematics

Answer 26

physiological range of movement; larger bone on bone movements; flexion, extension, adduction, rotation, etc.

Question 27

Arthrokinematics

Answer 27

smaller bone to bone movements that accompany physiologic motion; referred to as "accessory motion"; roll, glide, and spin

Question 28

Roll

Answer 28

when many points on one articulating surface comes in contact with many points on another surface

Question 29

Glide

Answer 29

a specific point on one articulating surface meets many points on another surface; could be in the same or opposite direction of roll

Question 30

Spin

Answer 30

specific points on one surface stay in contact with specific points on another surface

Question 31

Convex/Concave Rule

Answer 31

describes accessory motion of a joint based on the shape of the moving part

Question 32

Convex Portion

Answer 32

roll and glide occur in opposite directions; ex: humerus moving at glenoid

Question 33

Concave Portion

Answer 33

roll and glide occur in the same direction; ex: ulna moving on humerus

Question 34

Gliding Joints

Answer 34

joints that slide up and down; parallel to each other; the carpal bones

Question 35

Hinge Joints

Answer 35

ex: elbow; where bones can only move in one axis (flexion/extension)

Question 36

Pivot Joints

Answer 36

pure rotation joints; C1/C2 joints

Question 37

Condyloid Joints

Answer 37

permits movement in two planes; a condyle and an elliptical joint; ex: the knee

Question 38

Saddle Joint

Answer 38

ex: the thumb; same movement as condyloid joint; one saddle like bone joints with another

Question 39

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 39

one spherical end of a bone sits in a socket; hip and shoulder

Question 40

Factors to Increase Joint Mobility

Answer 40

joint mobilization, sensory receptors, stretching

Question 41

Joint Mobilization

Answer 41

slightly moving the joint; not necessarily mechanical but neurophysiological; designed to reduce pain and improve joint mobility associated with capsule tightness; doesn't cause a lot of plastic change

Question 42

Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 42

increase in muscle tension causes this to inhibit tension in the agonist and to initiate tension in the antagonist; promotes stretch;

Question 43

Muscle Spindle

Answer 43

increase in muscle length causes this to initiate a rapid contraction of stretched muscle and to inhibit tension in the antagonist; inhibits stretch

Question 44

Active Stretching

Answer 44

produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles

Question 45

Passive Stretching

Answer 45

produced by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles

Question 46

Ballistic Stretching

Answer 46

a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches

Question 47

Static Stretching

Answer 47

maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time (usually about thirty seconds, two to four reps)

Question 48

PNF

Answer 48

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitino; a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation that activates the GTO to facilitate stretch

Question 49

Osteoarthritis

Answer 49

a common degenerative disease of articular cartilage; causes unknown; pain, swelling, ROM restriction, and stiffness

Question 50

Total Joint Replacement

Answer 50

arthritic joint is replaced with a prothesis; performed when patient can no longer tolerate pain due to damaged hyaline cartilage; can be performed on knee, hip, shoulder, etc.

Question 51

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 51

inflammation of the lining of the joint or synovium that can lead to pain and permanent damage; causes ulnar drift; chronic disease with frequent flares; systemic disease; no cure; exercise and joint protection can help along with medication; joint is literally eaten away;

Question 52

Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 52

swelling of synovial lining, rapid division and growth of cells causing thick synovial fluid, and finally digestion of bone and cartilage