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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomechanics

A

a sub discipline of kinesiology; application of mechanical properties in the study of living organisms; broken down into statics and dynamics which is then broken down into kinematics and kinetics

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2
Q

Statics

A

the study of systems in constant motion without acceleration (including zero motion)

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3
Q

Dynamics

A

study of systems subject to acceleration

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4
Q

Kinematics

A

study of the appearance or description of motion

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5
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of forces causing motion

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6
Q

Anthropometrics

A

factors including shape, size, and weight of body segments

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7
Q

Goals of Sport and Exercise Biomechanics

A

performance improvement; injury prevention and rehabilitation; both technique and equipment involved

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8
Q

Qualitative

A

description without using numbers (flexed, rotated, rigid, etc.)

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9
Q

Quantitative

A

involving numbers (time, distance, speed, etc.)

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which forward and backward movements occur; flexion, extension, hyperextension, and dorsiflexion

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11
Q

Frontal Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which lateral movements occur; abduction/adduction; lateral flexion; elevation/depression; inversion/eversion; radial/ulnar deviation

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12
Q

Transverse Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which rotational movements occur; left/right rotation; medial/lateral rotation; supination/pronation; horizontal abduction/adduction

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13
Q

Mediolateral Axis

A

axis around which rotations in the sagittal place occur

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14
Q

Anteroposterior Axis

A

axis around which rotations in the frontal plane occur

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15
Q

Longitudinal/Vertical Axis

A

axis around which rotational movements occur

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16
Q

Mass

A

quantity of matter composing a body; units in kg

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17
Q

Inertia

A

tendency to resist change in a state of motion; proportional to mass;

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18
Q

Force

A

a push or a pull; characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application; units in Newtons

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19
Q

Torque

A

the rotary effect of a force; the angular equivalent of a force; T = Fd;

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20
Q

Center of Gravity

A

point around which a body’s weight is equally balanced in all directions; point that serves as an index of total body motion; point at which the weight vector acts; same as the center of mass; creates equal torques

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21
Q

Weight

A

attractive force that the earth exists on a body; the point of application of the weight force is a body’s center of gravity

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22
Q

Pressure

A

force per unit of area over which the force acts; describes force distribution within a fluid

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23
Q

Stress

A

force per unit of area over which the force acts; describes the force distribution within a solid

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24
Q

Volume

A

space occupied by a body; has three dimensions

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25
Density
mass per unit of volume
26
Impulse
the product of force and the time over which the force acts
27
Compression
pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body
28
Tension
pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body
29
Bending
asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side
30
Torsion
load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis
31
Deformation
a change in shape; occurs in correlation with load
32
Yield Point
when deformation nears its maximum; when the material can no longer return to normal length; where "plastic region" occurs
33
Repetitive Loading
repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude;
34
Acute Loading
application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue;
35
Synarthroses
immoveable joints; two types: sutures and syndesmoses
36
Sutures
where bones first form a fibrous joint, then solidify together; in the skull
37
Syndesmoses
where fibrous tissue binds bones together; the mid radio-ulnar joint;
38
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
39
Synchondroses
wherein the articulating bones are joined by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; the sternocostal joints are examples of these
40
Symphyses
a fibro-cartilagenous disc separating bones; ex: pubic symphysis
41
Diarthroses
freely moveable joints;
42
Diarthroses: Characteristics
articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, associated bursae;
43
Articular Cartilage
a protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces; spreads force over an area and lubricates the joint
44
Articular Capsule
a double-layered membrane that surrounds the joint
45
Synovial Fluid
a clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule
46
Associated Bursae
small capsules filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate
47
Articular Fibrocartilage
soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones;
48
Articular Fibrocartilage: Functions
distributes loads over joint surfaces, improving the fit of articulations, limiting slip between articulating bones, protecting the joint periphery, lubricating the joint, absorbing shock at the joint
49
Articular Connective Tissues
tendons (connect muscles to bones); ligaments (connect bones to bones)
50
Diarthroses Classifications
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, or ball/socket
51
Joint Stability
ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones
52
Stability Relies on these Systems
neural subsystem (CNS, PNS), muscular subsystem (muscles, tendons, fascia), and osteoligamentous system (bony structures, joint capsules, ligaments, intervertebral discs)
53
Factors that Increase Joint Stability
a closely reciprocating match of the articulating bone surfaces (close packed position); a strong array of ligaments and muscle tendons crossing the joint; absence of muscle fatigue
54
Joint Mobility
a description of the relative ranges of motion allowed at joint in different directions
55
Range of Motion
the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction; measured from anatomical position
56
Osteokinematics
larger bone on bone movements; referred to as "physiologic motion"; flexion, external rotation, etc.
57
Arthrokinematics
smaller bone on bone movements that accompany physiologic motion; referred to as "accessory motion"; roll, glide, spin, etc.
58
Roll
many points on one articulating surface come in contact with many points on another surface
59
Glide
a specific point on one articulating surface meets many points on another surface
60
Spin
a specific point on one surface stays in contact with specific points on another surface
61
Convex-Concave Rule
describes accessory motion of a joint based on shape of moving part; convex portion roll and glide occur in opposite directions; concave portion roll and glide occur in the same direction
62
Factors Influencing Joint Mobility
intervening bony or muscle tissue or fat at the end of the ROM; tightness/laxity in the muscle and collagenous tissue crossing a joint; muscle fatigue
63
Techniques for Increasing Joint Mobility
joint mobilization, stretching, sensory receptors
64
Mobilization
designed to reduce pain and improve joint mobility associated with restriction due to capsular tightness;
65
Golgi Tendon Organs
inhibit tension in muscle and initiate tension development in antagonists; within tendons near the muscle-tendon junction in series with muscle fibers; promotes stretch in muscle being loaded
66
Muscle Spindle
provokes reflex contraction in stretched muscle and inhibit tension in antagonists; interspersed among muscle fibers in parallel with the fiber; inhibit stretch in muscle being stretched
67
Active Stretching
produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles
68
Passive Stretching
produced by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles
69
Ballistic Stretching
a series of quick, bouncing type stretches
70
Static Stretching
maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time (usually about thirty seconds)
71
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched
72
Osteoarthritis
a common degenerative disease of articular cartilage; symptoms include pain, swelling, ROM, restriction, and stiffness; cause is unknown; both too little and too much mechanical stress seems to produce development
73
Total Joint Replacement
arthritic joint is replaced with a prosthesis; performed when patient can no longer tolerate pain due to damaged hyaline cartilage; can be performed on knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle, wrist, and fingers; knee is most common
74
Rheumatoid Arthritis
inflammation of the lining of the joint or synovium that can lead to pain and permanent damage; unknown cause; a chronic disease with frequent flares in disease activity; systemic disease; no cure but medications, exercise, and joint protections can help a little
75
Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis
swelling of synovial lining; rapid division ad growth of cells causing the synovium to thicken; inflamed cells release enzymes that digest bone and cartilage

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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