BioPsychology - Paper 2 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
endocrine system
endocrine system
A
- network of glands that realse hormones
- travel to and cause target organs
- controlled by the nervous sysetm because the master gland is in the brain (pituitary gland)
- messages travel in the blood stream
- in the form of a chemical messae
- slow reaction speed
- takes minutes to hours to days for reaction
- targets organs
2
Q
simple facts of nervous system
nervous system
A
- messages travel in the neurons/brain
- in the form of electrical impulses/action potentional
- fast reaction speed
- 150-200ms for a reaction
- targets cells
3
Q
endocrine glands
endocrine system
A
- hypothalamus
- pitutary gland
- thyroid gland - thyroxine , increase metabloic rate
- adreanal gland - adrenaline , fight or flight
- pancreas - insulin , blood sugar levels
- ovaries - progestrone , oestrogen , lh , fsh , ovulations and menustration
- testies - testostrone , sperm production
4
Q
fight or flight response
endocrine system
A
- when in a potentionally dangerous situation the amyagdala is activitated
- the amyagdala responds to sensory input and connects sesnory input with emotions associated
- if the situation is potentionally dangerous the amyagdala sends a distress system to the hypothalamus
- communicates with the body through the sympathetic nervous system
- if situation requires short term response the sam pathway is activated triggering flight or fight
- the pathway activates the adrenal gland more speciacally the adrenal medulla
- produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
- this causes physiological changes
5
Q
physiological changes in flight or fight
endocrine system
A
- heart - increase HR , more blood flow and oxygen to heart , can run further and make faster decisions with more oxygen at brain
- circulation - dilation of blood vessels seveing muscles and contriction to digestion , more blood goes to skeletal muscles , more important places recieve blood to aid survival
- lungs - diliation of bronchi increasing breathing rate , increase avalibility of oxygen , increase respiration
- liver - increased conversion of glycogen to glucose , increase in blood sugar levels , means more energy to muscles to run further
- skin - becomes pale or flushed as blood flow is reduced , increased blood flow to muscles
- eyes - pupils dilate , allows more light in , increased awarness
6
Q
returning to normal once threat has passed in flight or fight
endocrine system
A
- parasympatahtic nervous system is activated
- returns body back to nromal state
- reduces blood pressure , heart rate and breathin rate
- anything that was reduced will start up again - digestion
7
Q
the hpa axis - fight or flight
endocrine system
A
- hypothalamus , pitutary gland , adrenal gland
- controls and maintain the activity of the sympathtic nervous sytsem until threat is passed
- if the brain continouse to detect a threat it will realse CRH
- travels to pitutary gland ad causes the realise of ACTH
- this causes adrenal cortext to realise cortisol
- this supresses the immune system and breaks down fat stored in tissues
8
Q
evaluation of fight and flight
endocrine system
A
- .- doesnt explain everything - gray found that the first repsonse to danger is to freeze - this is a problem bc it lowers the validity as the theory is not complete
- .- androcentrism - taylor found that women are more likly to protect their offspring and form allinces with other women rather than fight or flight - assumes that all women are like this an over generlaises it
- .-beta bias - occurs from the androcentrism study - men studied it so only studied themesleves
9
Q
REVISE SYNAPTIC TRANSMITION
A
10
Q
summation
synaptic transmission
A
- excitatory effects - caused by noradrenaline
- when above -30
- positve
- inhibioty effect - caused by seratonin
- when below -30
- negative
11
Q
the nervous system
the nervous system
A
- peripheral nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous system
- central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
12
Q
centeral nervous system
the nervous system
A
- brain
- provides concious awarness
- invloved in all psycholgcil process
- appears to show localisation of function
- cerebal cortex is thicker than most animals
- spinal cord
- transfers messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body
- responsible for simple reflex actions that do not involve the brain
13
Q
peripheral nervous system
the nervous system
A
- rest of neurons
- replays impulses
- divided into two sections - autonomic and somantic
14
Q
autonomic nervous system
the nervous system
A
- vital functions
- internal communication and homeostatis
- motor pathways
- unconcious
- parasympathic and sympathic nervous system
15
Q
somatic nervous sysetm
the nervous system
A
- controls concious muscle movements
- relays info from sensory neurons
- carries motor neruons to skeltal muscles
- concious
16
Q
REVISE DIFFERENT NEURONS
A
17
Q
neuron stucture
the nervous system
A
- dendrites - carry electrical impusles towards cell body and location of neuron recpetor sites
- axon - carries impulse over distance
- myelin sheath - insulates axon
- nodes of ranvier - allow for faster transmission
- terminal buttons - neurotransmitters and realsed from here
18
Q
sensory neruon
the nervous system
A
- function - relay info to relay neurons into brain and spinal cord
- connections to cell body - 2
- myelinated - yes
- sensory axon is split
19
Q
relay neuron
the nervous system
A
- function - in cns , relays sensory infomation to the spinal cord and brain then out to motor
- connections to cell body - 1
- myelinated - no
- shortest neuron
20
Q
motor neuron
the nervous system
A
- function - signal from brain/spinal cord to effector (gland/muscle)
- connections to cell body - 1
- myelinated - yes
- have the longest axon
21
Q
synaptic transmission
the nervous system
A
- the action potential moves down the axon of the pre synapic neuron towards terminal buttons
- action potential goes onto vesicles which realise neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
- neurotransimitters diffuse and bind with receptorsites or go back to reuptake transporters
- summation - postive = exicatory , negative = inhibted
22
Q
type 1 synapes
the nervous system
A
- excitorary
- found on dendrites of post synaptic neuron
- makes neurons more likly to fire
- more postive charge
- depolarisation
23
Q
type 2 synapes
the nervous system
A
- inhibitory
- found on the cell body of post synpactic neuron
- makes neruons less likly to fire
- more negative charge
- hyperpolarisation
24
Q
left and right hemispshere
structure and functions of the brain
A
- right controls left and left control right
- connected togeter by the corpus callosum
- outerlayer is wrinkled to increase the surface area and have more neurons
- gyrus - ridge of the brain
- sulcus - trought of the brain
25
cerebal cortext
| structure and functions of the brain
* assosicated with high brain function - 4 lobes
* surface is grey matter , underneath is white matter
* white is mylinated
26
limbic system
| structure and functions of the brain
* emotional brian
* contains thalamus , hyperthalamus , amyglada and hippocampus
* deals with emtions and memories
* regulates autonmic ns and endocrine function in response to emotion
27
cerebellum
| structure and functions of the brain
* 2 hemispheres
* cooridition and vol movements
* posture , balance , speech , balance , smooth muscular activity
28
brain stem
| structure and functions of the brain
* regulates breathing , heartrate , blood pressure and other important functions
29
localisation of function
| structure and functions of the brain
* suggests that different areas of the brain deal with different functions and have certain locations in the brain
* regects the holistic view of the brain
30
REVISE BRAIN LOCATIONS
31
frontal lobe
| structure and functions of the brain
* problem solving
* emotional traits
* reasoning
* speaking
* volentary motor activity
32
parietal lobe
| structure and functions of the brain
* knowing right from left
* sensation
* reading
* body orintation
33
occipital lobe
| structure and functions of the brain
* vision
* colour perception
34
temporal lobe
| structure and functions of the brain
* understanding language
* behaviour
* memory
* hearing
35
motor cortex/area
| structure and functions of the brain
* in frontal lobe
* volentary movements send signls to muscles
* arranged in logical areas - region that controls fingers is next to hands
36
somatosensory cortex/area
| structure and functions of the brain
* in parietal lobe
* over half the receptors for this area are in your face
* recieve sensory infomation from mostly skin
* different parts recieve messages from different body parts
37
visual cortex/area
| structure and functions of the brain
* back of occipital lobe
* processes visual infomation - colour , shape and movement
38
auditory cotext/area
| structure and functions of the brain
* in temporal lobe
* anaylises and processes acoustic infomation - loudness , tempo and pitch
39
brocas area
| structure and functions of the brain - localisation
* language production (frontal lobe)
* brocas "non-fluent" aphasia - comprehension good but speaking not good
* can read but struggle to write
* **case study** - TAN
* could understand everything but could only produce the word tan
* lesion to the brain that would not let him say any other words
40
wernickes area
| structure and functions of the brain - localisation
* language comphrehension and processing
* lesion in this area results in the ability to produce 'fluent' but non-sensal speech
* wernickes "fluent" aphesia
* easily produce words but they are not the right ones
* dont realise they are not making sense
41
ecidence to support localisation of function - **phineas gage**
| structure and functions of the brain
* pole through head and takes chunk of brain out
* personality change
* case study
* no temporal validity
42
evidence to support localisation of function - **peterson et al**
| structure and functions of the brain
* brain scans show activity of language centers during listening vs reading task
* supports localisation
* pet scan
43
evidence to support localisation of function - **tulving et al**
| structure and functions of the brain
* differnt areas invloved in encoding and retriving memories
* semantic and episodic memories are in different places
* brain scan - scientific credability
44
evidence against localisation of function - **lashley**
| structure and functions of the brain
* surgically induced lesions on the brains of rats - removing or damaging specific areas of the rats cortex
* this was done before or after the rat was trained in mazes
* famously unsuccesful
* high congnitve functions such as learning do not localise to one area of the brain
45
case studies and scans against locailation of function - **dronkers et al**
| structure and functions of the brain
* conducted an mri on tans brain
* also found damadge in lots of other areas may contribute
* brocas area may not be the only area
46
individual differences and beta bias against localisation of function
| structure and functions of the brain
* **herasty** - women have bigger brocasand wernikes area than men
* this has been observed by scanning techniques when carrying out language area
* **beta bias** - no researh made before this
47
functional recovery after trauma (frat)
| functional recovery after trauma
* .1. denervation supersensitivty
* .2. neuronal unmasking
* .3. axon sprouting
48
.1. denervation supersensitivity
| functional recovery after trauma
* the axons that do a similar job become aroused to a higher level to compensate for one that are loss
* the transfer of functions from a damdged area of the brain after trauma to other undamdaged areas
* the brain may also use equivilant hemisphere functions this allows the brain to adapt and take place in damadged areas
49
.2. neuronal unmasking
| functional recovery after trauma
* 'dormant' synpases (which have not recieved enough input to be active) open connections to compensate for a nearby damadged area of the brain
* as neurons are damdged there’s an effect in neigbouring neurons as they no longers have input
* therefore if the damadged neurons are stimulated recovery can occur
To Hollie = message me when u see this bc to me the last point doesn’t make sense as process for neuronal unmasking bc
1. Inactive synapses become active to compensate
2. There’s an effect on neurons connected to damaged neurons bc they no longer have input but surely damaged neurons being stimulated is nothing to do with that because we’re talking about masker synapses taking OVER not damaged ones being stimulated…
50
.3. axon sprouting
| functional recovery after trauma
* new nerve endings connect with undamadged cells (stem cells are a new area of study here)
* this allows new connections in the brain to be activated for the brain will continue to use the secondary neural pathways
51
evaluation of functional recovery after trauma
| functional recovery after trauma
* .+. **hubel and torsten** - sewed one eye of a kitten shut and observed the cortical remapping
* the visual cortex associated with the shut eye began to process the infomation of the open eye **ANIMAL STUDY**
* **elbert et al** - concludes that the capcity for neural reorganisation is much grater in children than adults - neural generation is less effective when older
52
plasticity
| brain plasticity
* the brains tendacy to change and modify its own structure and function as a result of experiece and new lerning
53
synaptic pruning
| brain plasticity
* getting rid of unused connections and stregthening those regulary used
* between the ages 2-3 lose the most
54
evidence - maguire et al
| brain plasticity
IN TAXI DRIVERS
* **findings 1**
* carried out mri scans finding signifcantly more grey matter in the posterior hypocapus than a matched control group
* **findings 2**
* found a postive correlation between time in the job and more prounced structures
* this shows that the brain can permontaly change in repsonse to freuent exposure to a particular task
55
evidence - noah wall
| brain plasticity
* born with 2% of brain
* kept stimulatiing the brain and it grew to nearly full size
56
downsides to neural plasticity
| brain plasticity
* amuputees and phantums limb sydrome
* 60-80% still experience feelings from the missing limb
* non painful or painful
* due to cortical reorganisation of somatosensory corext
57
hemispheric lateralisation
| split brain research
* the idea that the two halves of the brain are **functionally different** and the each hemisphere has **functional seperations**
* left language
* right visual motor tasks
58
left brain
| split brain research
* logical
* focused on facts
* realism predominates
* planned and orderly
* math and science mind
* prefers non fiction
59
right brain
| split brain research
* emotional
* focused on art and creativity
* imaginatiing predominates
* ocasionally absentiminded ]prefers fiction
* enjoys creative storytelling
60
sperry and gazzaniga
| split brain research
* first to invesitigate hemispheric lateralisation with the use of split brain patients
* split brain patients - patients who have underine a commissurontomy (patiral or total removal of the corpus callosim)
* **aim** - to exaime to what extent to which two hemipshere are specialised for certain functions
* **3 main experiments**
* .1. describe what you see
* .2. tactile test
* .3. drawing task
61
describe what you see - picture in left visual feild (right hemisphere)
| split brain research
the patient could NOT descirbe what was shown and often reposted norhing was present
62
describe what you see - picture in the right visual feild (left hemisphere)
| split brain research
the patient could describe what they saw
demonstrating the supiroty of the left hemipshere when it comes to language production
63
tactile test - object in the left hand (right hemipshere)
| split brain research
* the patient could NOT describe what tey felt and could only make a wild guess
* however the left hand could identify a test object presented in the left hand (right hemipshere) by seltcing a simial appropriate objects , from a series of alternative objects
64
tactile test - object placed in right hands (left hemipshere)
| split brain research
* the patient could descirbe verbally what they felt
* the could aso identify the test object presenting in the right hand (left hem) by obect from a series of alternative objects
65
motor skills test - pictire in the left visual feild (right hem)
| split brain research
* the left hand would consistantly draw clearer and better pictires that the right hand (even tho people dominates hand was right)
* demonstrates the superity of the right hemipsher when it comes to visual mtor tasks
66
motor skills test - object in the right visual feild (left hem)
| split brain research
* while the right hand would attempt to draw a picture
* the picture was never as clear as the left hand
* against demonstrating the superoity of the right hemisphere for the visual motor task
67
evaluations of split brain research
| split brain research
* .-. **language may not be restricted to the left hemispher** - turk et al found that a patient with a damadged left hem devloped the capcity to speak in the right hemisphere
* suggests that functions may not be localised and instead is plasticity
* .+. **methods used are varied** - mixture of quasi and clincil case studies - using two types of data means that they counter balance the negatives of eachother
* .-. **research isnt relevant to those out of the experiment** - 11 split brain patients, some had worse disconnection than others and cant tell how long drug therapy had affect some of these patients
* **however** - only way to find out this infomation was to do this
* .-.**ecological validity** in realy life somebody would just move their eyes to see the image or object so doesnt have lots of real life application
68
what are biological rhythms
| biological rhythms
**cyclical pathways with biological systems** that have evolved in response to environmental influences (day and night)
69
2 factors that govern biological rhythms
| biological rhythms
* **endogenous pacemaker (internal)** - bodys biological clock
* **exogenous zietgebers (external)** - change in environment - light , weather , social interactions
70
3 types of biological rhythms
| biological rhythms
* **circadian**
* 24 hr (body clock)
* reset by light level
* example - sleep wake, body regulation
* **infradian**
* more than 24hr period
* can be weekly , monthly , yearly
* example - menstrual cycle , SAD , hibernation
* **ultradian**
* less than 24hr period
* example - eating , stages of sleep
71
KEY STUDY - siffre
| biological rhythms - circadian
* studied the effect on biological rhythms living underground for 2 months with no natural light or clock
* ate and slept when body told him to
* experienced time more slowly - 2 min task would take 5 mins
* when called out after two months he thought he still had a month left
* biological rhythms set to 25 hrs
* east and sleep wake stayed regular
* **evidence for edogenous pacemakers** - as he kept jis rythems without the presence of outside factors
* demonstarted the importance of exogenous zietgebers bc our sleep and eat was forced to run slower
72
additional research - ashoff and wever
| biological rhythms - circadian
* particapants spent 4 weeks in a ww2 bunker with only an electric light
* set to a circadian rhythm of 25-27hrs
* same conclusion as siffre
* however
* artifical light has been shown to alter circadian rhytms and is used to treat sleeping disorders
* decreases internal validity
73
weakness of research into circadian rhythms
| biological rhythms - circadian
* **individual differences**
* cant generalise case studies
* rhythms vary from 13-65 hrs in everyone
* duffy found that morning people perfer to rise early and night people perfer to rise late
* **age**
* sniffe - endogenous pacemakers slow as we age
* teenage cycle is around 2 hours behind adults - applied to school timings
74
postives of research into circadian rhythms
| biological rhythms - circadian
* **shirft workers**
* reduced concentration around 6am (circadian trough)
* linked with poor health
* think about how to manage your workers
* **drug treatment** - peak times when drugs will be most effective (circadian control of digestion) - retiming best time to take drugs
* **schooling** - natural night owls are fighting their natural ryhtms with school timings
* could be leaving school with worse results as their lark peers
75
menastrual cycle
| biological rhythms - infradian
* on average lasts 28 days
* controlled by progestrone , oestrogen , lh , fsh
* lining breaks down on day 1 (caused by drop in hormones)
* egg matures and eff is realised (ovulation) in repsonse to change in lh and fsh
* the ovaries realise hormones that cause lining to thicken
* if an egg is now fertilised the hormone levels will drop and lining breaks down
76
seasonal affective disorder
| biological rhythms - infradian
* SAD
* has a seasonal pattern of depression
* winter blues
* low levels of mood , insomia , poor concentration
* low seotonin as melatonin inhibits serotnin
* low light - increase meotonin
* increased melatonin means low seratonin
* low seratonin is associated with depression
77
research into menstrual ccyle
| biological rhythms - infradian
* accpeted as an edogenous rhythm but suggests it can be affected by exogenous factor
* reinburg - 3 months in a cave with small lamp , menstrual cycle shorted to 25.7 instead of 28
* **stern and mcclintock** - sweat sample from 9 women
* rubbed it on their upper lip
* 68% sinked up
* .- small sample size with irrelgular periods
* .+ internal validity
78
research into SAD
| biological rhythms
* **terman** found that the rate of sad is more commonin northen countries where winter nights are longer
* triggered during winter
* correlation between light and sad
* important to research so that we can treat it
* **eastmann** randomly assigned 96 patients with winter sad to 3 bright light treatments
* changed the time they got or placebo
* 68% of morning light people improved
* evening light not much better than placebo
79
stages of sleep
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* sleep has 5 stages
* can be differentiated by using electroencephalogram (eeg)
* lenght varies for age
* lenghtnes to 90 mins
* typical night there are 5-7 cycles
80
stage 1 of sleep
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* **lenght** - the lenght varies between 5-15mins
* **brainwave descprition** - brain patterns become slower and more rhythimic (alpha wave)
* **physiological effect** - heart rate slows abd muscles relax, very easily woken at this stage
81
stage 2 of sleep
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* **length** - varies between 5-15mins
* **brainwave description** - sleep spindles occur on eeg outputs but generally theta waves are showen
* **physological effects** - heart rate slows and muscles relax, easily woken in this stage
82
stages three and four of sleep
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* **length** - varies between 5 and 15 mins
* **brainwave description** - there are less sleep spindles in this stage, eeg show delta waves - slower and greater amplitude
* **physiologcial effect** - body relaxes further , slow wave sleep, people are difficult to wake and are in deep sleep
83
stage 5 of sleep (rem)
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* **length** - 15 mins intially , lengthens throughout the night (less time in the other stages)
* **brainwave description** - brain actviity speeds up and resemsbles an awake brain
* **physiological effect** - fats jerky movements of the eyes (rem) under the eyelids , correlates with dreaming
84
reesearch into sleep stages (dement and kleitmann)
| biological rhythms - ultradian
* **aim** - to investigate stages of sleep
* **procedure** - monitor sleep patterns of 9 adults in a sleep lab
* controlled effect of caffeine and alchol
* **findings** - rem had high correlation of dreamingand brainwaves varied with how vivid the dreams were
* **conc** - supports the idea of the differnt stages and how important rem sleep is
* **.+** replicable
* **.-** small sample , demand charactersics as self report , cant be gerneralised
85
brain structures that control the biological rhythms
| biological rhythms - endogenous pacemaker
* suprachiasmatic nucleus
* pineal gland
86
suprachiasmatic nucleus
| biological rhythms - endogenous pacemaker
* light is first detected by the eye which then sends messages concerning the level of brightness
* small group of neurons in the hypothalamus
* maintains a cycle of 24-25hr even in absence of external cues
* this pattern is always maintained
87
pineal gland
| biological rhythms - endogenous pacemaker
* controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus
* secretes the hormone melatonin - important in the circadia ryhtm (sleep wake)
88
research support - stephans and zucker
| biological rhythms - endogenous pacemaker
* study on effect if damdge to the suprachiastmatic on circadian rythms on rats
* rats in a lab with 12 hours in light and 12 in dark
* compared to a group of rats with damdage to their scn to normal rats
* damdge to the snc eliminated the nromal circadian patterns of drinking sleeping ect
* **evaluation**
* conducted on rats - totally different to humans - cant generlise
* ethical issues
* only 11 of the 25 rats survied and they also had damdge to hypocampus so cant say it was just the scn
89
exogenous zietgebers
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers
* light
* social cues
* temperature
90
light
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers
* most important external factor
* a direct pathway links the scn to the retina of they eye
91
social cues
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers
* eating and sleeping ia impacted by social conventions linked to our age and social factors
* some body cells react to social cues - cells in liver reset when eating
92
temperature
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers
* temperature affects some biological rhythms
* for exmaple leaves off of trees
* animals hibernate
* people sleep more in winter
* also time zones changing
* nights longer
93
research support - campbell
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers
* endogenous pacemakers may not be the main factor
* 15 volenteers in a lab experiment
* woek by light when shone on the back of their kneww
* when he shone the light the CRY protein resets up to 3 hours
* suggets blood is a messanger about light not just light
94
overall evaluations of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zietgebers
| biological rhythms - exogenous zietgebers and endogenous pacemakers
* **.- influence may be overstated**
* blind man from birth had a circadian rhythm of 24.9
* despite exposure to social cues the sleep wake cycle never changed and had to take seditives and pills to sleep and stay awake
* pacemaker holds all the power and light is the only important external
* **.+ pratical application** - gives a better undertsanding of the adverse consequence to disrutption
* shift workers
* important to know how to regulate your workers
95
brain scans
| brain scans
* fmri
* post mortem examinations
* eeg
* erp
96
FMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
| brain scans
* measures the blood flow when a person performs a task
* creates a dynamic 3d map of the brain
* highlights the active parts
* oxygen is carried in heamoglobin and is realised for use by active neurons
* not invasive
* **temporal resolution** - low (1-4s)
* **spatial resolution** - high (1-2mm)
97
evaluation of fmri
| brain scans
* .- expensive
* .- doesnt rpovide direct measure of neural activity - cant explain causation
* .- uncomfotable - may affect response
* .+ non-invasive - does not invlove radiation therefore risk free
98
post mortem exaiminations
| brain scans
* when researchers study the phsycial brain of a person who displayed a particular behaviour while they were alive and suggested brian damadge
* look at lesions in the brain
* aloow more detailed examinations of the brain
* invasive
99
evaluations of post mortem examinations
| brain scans
* .+ can access areas that scanning methods cant
* .- hard to say that damadged caused the deficits
* .- cant generalise - everyone is different and dies from different things
* .+ detailed
* .- informed consent - most paients ahve psychological issues and dont have the ability to undertsand and consent
100
EEG
electroencephalogram
| brain scans
* measures electrical activity through electrodes from the scalp
* make a graph over time
* produces two distinctive states
* synchronised - recogned wave forms are recognised
* desynchronised - no pattern can be detected
* **temporal resolution** - high (eveyr millisecond)
* **spatial resolution** - low
101
evaluations of eeg
| brain scans
* .+ cheap
* .- hard to prove causation
* .- can be uncomfotable - may affect results
* .+ not invasive
* .- poor spatial resolution - only provides infomation in large parts of the brain
102
ERPs
event related potentials
| brain scans
* Similar to EEG
* Difference is that a stimulus is presented to a participant and the researcher looks for activity related to that stimulus
* Average their data received
* Reduced any extraneous neural activity which makes the specific response to the stimulus stand out
* **temporal resolution** - high (every millisecond)
* **spatial resolution** - low
103
evaluations of ERP
| brain scan
* .+ cheap
* .- hard to prove causation
* .- can be uncomfotable - may affect results
* .+ not invasive
* .- poor spatial resolution - only provides infomation in large parts of the brain
