Issues and Debates - Paper 3 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Gender bias
Gender bias
A
- when one gender is treated less favourable than the others; which includes a range of consequences
- scientifcally misleading
- upholoding sterotypical assumptions
- validating sexism
2
Q
alpha bias
Gender bias
A
- when the difference between men and women are exagerrated
3
Q
beta bias
Gender bias
A
- when the diferences bewteen men and women are minimised
4
Q
androcentrism
Gender bias
A
- taking male bhaviour as te norm
- women behaviour is abnormal
5
Q
gynocentrism
Gender bias
A
- is a dominant or exclusive focus on women in a theory
6
Q
examples of alpha bias
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- freud
- fight or flight
7
Q
freud
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- all male sample - androcentric
- oedipus + electra complex - alpha bias
- electra complex - less rearched and development
8
Q
fight or flight
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- orginally meant for everybody
- later found that women do tend + befriend - beta bias
- research done on male rats - androcentric
9
Q
examples of beta bias
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- asch
- milgram
10
Q
asch
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- only using an all male sample - androcentric
- generalised findings to both male and female - beta bias
11
Q
milgram
Gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- all male volunteers - androcentrism
- generalised to both - beta bias
- milgram did many variations & did one group of women
- still not enough to canell out beta bias
12
Q
bowlby
gender bias - examples of gender bias (A02)
A
- claims that mothers need to stay at home and care for their children
- or it could damage their childs social, cognitive and emotional development
- implies only the mother can do this role
- reiforcing gender sterotypes
13
Q
scientfically misleading
Gender bias - A03 consequences
A
- we draw conclusions anf make assumptions that arent actually true
- beta bias
14
Q
can uphold sex discrimination
Gender bias - A03 consequences
A
- alpha bias
- saying big differences
15
Q
perpetutes gender sterotypes
Gender bias - A03 consequences
A
- keeps it going
16
Q
Maccoby and Jacklin
Gender bias - A03 is is that bad?
A
- reviewed reasearch and concluded that in a majority of areas there was no significant difference between men and women
- suggests that the differences found are actually due to the methodolgical issues
17
Q
instituational sexism
Gender bias - A03 why does it happen
A
- males predominate at a senior level of research
- follwing male concerns
18
Q
publishing bias
Gender bias - A03 why does it happen
A
- want postive data so could exagerate
- wont publish null results
19
Q
methodogical decisions
Gender bias - A03 why does it happen
A
- lab experiments
- women in inequitable relationship with researcher who could label them as unreasonable to complete complex task
20
Q
imposed etic
cultural bias
A
- a construct from one culture is applied inappropratly to another
- all etic contructs are considered universal to all people
21
Q
imposed emic
cultural bias
A
- a contruct that is applied to one cultural group
- cultural bias occurs when a researcher assumes an emic construct is actually etic construct
22
Q
cultural relativism
cultural bias
A
- the idea that there is no universal standard behaviour
23
Q
universality
cultural bias
A
- when a theory can apply to all people, irrespetice of gender and culture
24
Q
ethnocentricity
cultural bias
A
- a belief that your culture or ethnic group is superior to another
25
culture
| cultural bias
* can be defined as the values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour shared by a group of people
26
alpha bias
| cultural bias
* when a theory assums that cultural groups are extremely difficult
27
beta bias
| cultural bias
* when cultural differences are minimised
28
mead
| cultural bias - examples of cultural bias A02
* shows ethnocentricity
* basing her research on her beliefs/culture and then comparing it to samoan women
* didnt spend enough time with them (lack of validity)
* imposed etic - aiming for emic by being with them
* researcher bias
29
milgram
| cultural bias - examples of cultural bias A02
* only looks at white american men
* imposing etic onto other culutres
* amercians may respect authority more - school shootings, police
30
ainsworth strange situtation
| cultural bias - examples of cultural bias A02
* characteristics used for secure attachment were from western culture - imposed etic
31
nation of morons
| cultural bias - examples of cultural bias A02
* army alpha test - linked speifically to american culture
* beta test - those who failed alpha or were illiterate , picture tasks linked to america and instructutions were in english
* **results** - american male - mental age of 13 (was blamed on interbreeding with cultures)
* european immigrants - least intelligent and black men had mental age of 10
* led to the **immigration restriction act 1924**
* this meant poor scores werent allowed in the country and jews feeling couldnt join
32
imposed emic benifits (insider)
| cultural bias - eval A03
* .+ understand the pov from other cultures
* .+ find out what is important and meaningful about other cultrues
* .+ produces rich in depth and holistic knowledge (qualitative)
* .- difficult to generalse and conclude - becomes clutural bound
* .- can take more resources (time & money)
33
imposed etic (outsider)
| cultural bias - eval A03
* .+ allows cross cultrual comparisons
* .+ kry concepts that meet specific research objections
* .+ multiple cultrues can be studied in one project
* .- unless equivalnce is established, cross cultural comparisons are assumed and can be invalid
* .- concepts important to the reserch might not be to the particapant and culture
34
nature
| Nature v Nurture
* biological factors than influence your psychological makeup
35
nurture
| Nature v Nurture
* influence of external factors after conception
36
nativism
| Nature v Nurture
* a psychological theory that cintents that are sime knowledge, concepts, abilities or skills are inherent or native to the human mind
37
empiricsm
| Nature v Nurture
* the study of psychological phenomena using empirical techniques
38
| Nature v Nurture - history of nature v nurture
* goes back to ancient philosphy
* nativism vs empiricism
39
nativism
| Nature v Nurture - history of nature v nurture
* suggests inheritance plays the greatest role in determining characteristics
* both physical and mental are innate
* passed from our ancestors
40
empiricsm
| Nature v Nurture - history of nature v nurture
* suggests that all learning is the result of experience and environmental factors
* tabla rasa (blank slate)
* behaviourism is an example - pavlov and skinner
41
approaches to psychology
| Nature v Nurture
* **biological**
* nature
* brain m neurotransmitters , neurons are in the greater interest than external factors
* **behavioural**
* nurture
* focuses on the environment and people
42
IQ
| Nature v Nurture - examples A02
* nature - suggests inherited
* nurture - suggests learnt
* these views have been used to justify discriminatory social ploices and attitudes
* could justify racism, classist and systemic discrimination
43
education
| Nature v Nurture - examples A02
* girls do better at verbal tests but not as well on maths - less likly to advance in stem
44
heritability coefficent
| Nature v Nurture
* used to asses hereditory
* indicates the extet to which characteristics have a genetic basis and will be passed on
* No 1 = 100% genetically determined
* No 0 = 100% environment
45
interactionism
| Nature v Nurture
* when we explain behaviour with both nature and nurture
46
nature
| Nature v Nurture - interactionisim
* biological approach - genes
* bowlbys monotropic theory - innate
* psychodynamic - ID , libido
* cogntive approach - schemas but change
47
nurture
| Nature v Nurture - interactionisim
* cogntive approach - schemas but change
* milgrams legitamcy of authority - unifrom , location , proximity
* ainsworth attachment - attachment to mother bc of food , cupboard love theory
* humanistic - based in society influences
* behaviour approach - tabla rasa
48
nature
| Nature v Nurture - evaluation
* **.+ suggests that causes of behaviour can be treated (depression)**
* **.- biological deterministic** - allows for edgenic policies and enhancing racisim and sexism
* **.- relies on studies from twin studies which are flawed** - twins live differently , coo-orindance rate is never 100%
49
nurture
| Nature v Nurture - evaluation
* **.+ suggests that we can change and alter our behaviour** - token econmy in prisons , flooding for phobias
* **.- to environmentally determinsic** - suggests society can be manipulated (dicatorship)
50
Epogenetics
| Nature v Nurture - evaluation
* a change in our genetic activity without changing our genetic code (turn some genes on and off)
* happens through our life (from enivronment)
* this leaves epigenetic marks on our dna
* can be passed down to children
* **ressler (2014)** - created a fear of perfume in rats , rats had babies and it went on to them , some rats even had the fear even tho they had never been expossed to it
* **shows interactivilsm**
51
biological determinism
| free will and determinism - type of determinism
* is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individuals genes
* genes hormonse and neurtotransmitters cause behaviour
* E.G agression is the result of excess testostrone
52
environmental determinism
| free will and determinism - type of determinism
* the view that our behaviour is determined or caused by forces outside the individual
* shaped by learning (rewaeds, punishments, associattion)
* phobias are learnt from negative encounter and avoidance
53
psychic determinism
| free will and determinism - type of determinism
* claims that humans behaviour is the result of childhood experiences & innate drives (ID EGO SUPEREGO)
* behaviour is shaped from unconcious conflicts and forces we are not aware of
* decsisons may feel like they are free will but its just an illusion
54
free will
| free will and determinism
the idea that we can play an active role and have choicce in how we behave
55
determinsim
| free will and determinism
* the belief that cause and effect rule the day, our behaviouris out of our control and dicated by internal/external factors
56
hard determinism
| free will and determinism
* behaviour are determined wholly by interal and external factors
* humans dont have genuine free will
* supported by behvaiourist and biological psychologists
57
soft determinsim
| free will and determinism
* there are constraints on our behaviour but within this we are free to make some choices
* supported by cognitivists
58
soft + environmental
| free will and determinism - examples
* bandura SLT
* all behaviour is a result of observartional learning
* our environment and other poeple shape our behaviour
59
hard + environmental
| free will and determinism - examples
* operant conditioning
* associate particular bheaviours with certain consequences through direct experience
60
soft + biological
| free will and determinism - examples
* lancet indicated that 5 of the most common psychiatric disorders have gentic factors; autism, sz , depression
61
hard + psychic
| free will and determinism - examples
* freud
* no such thing as an accident
* fresult from unconsioius conflicts repressed during childhood
* materal deprivation
62
hard + environmental
| free will and determinism - examples
* classical conditioning
* association between two different stimuli
* linked through direct experience until eventually the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned
63
hard + biological
| free will and determinism - examples
* McGuffin et al
* studied 177 twins suffering major depression
* concordonace rate mz - 46% , 20% dz
* hereditory factors for major depression
64
for free will
| free will and determinism - A03
* beleiveing in free will will link to higher levels of mental health
* **robert et al**
* proved people who had a sense of 'fatalism' were more likly to deal with depression
* even if we don't have free will it still has a postive impact
65
against free will
| free will and determinism - A03
* **soon et al**
* brain activity indicated an action predated our concious knowledge of having made a choice
* the brain had told them what to do in 10 secs before they were conciously aware
66
for determinsim
| free will and determinism - A03
* everything has a cause (theory called casaulity)
* lab experiments used to control extranous variables - show cause and effect
* behaviourists assume behaviour has a cause
* free will is hard to measure so psycholgoists love determinsim
67
against determinism
| free will and determinism - A03
* if behaviour like violence has a biological cause, should individuals be punished for breaking the law ?
* if we predict deviant behaviour through gentic screening what should be done?
* should we arrest people before they have done the behaviour ?
68
holism
| holism & reductionism
emphasies the interconnectedness and interdependance of different ascoetcs of human behaviour and the mind
69
biological reductionism
| holism & reductionism
to the way that biological psychologists try to reduce behaviour to a physcial level and explain it in terms of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormonse and brain structure
70
environmental reductionism
| holism & reductionism
behaviourists psychologists assume that all behaviour can be reduced to the simple building blocks of S-R (stimulus and response) associations and that complex behaviours are a series of S-R chains
71
machine reductionism
| holism & reductionism
the idea of viewing organisms, including humans, as machine-like entities where complex systems and behaviours can be understood by breaking the components of a machine
72
experimental reductionism
| holism & reductionism
where complex behaviour is reduced to a single (isolated) variable for the purpose of testing
73
level of explanation
| holism & reductionism
* The reductionist approach suggests that there are different levels of explanation.
* The lowest level considers physiological (biological) explanations, where behaviour is explained in terms of neurochemicals, genes and brain structure
* the middle level considers psychological explanations (e.g. cognitive and behavioural)
* the highest level considers social and cultural explanations, where behaviour is explained in terms of the influence of social groups.
74
examples of reductionism
| holism & reductionism - A02
* biologcal , cogntive , humanistic approach
* lab and twin studies
* explanations for OCD
* classical and operant conditioning
75
for holism
| holism & reductionism - A03
* provides rich detailed infomation about individual cases by considering all possible influences so you can treat people for their condition in a personalised way
* more likly to be succesful
* improves validity
76
against holism
| holism & reductionism - A03
* often vauge in terms of what you can apply more generally, unscientific as too many variables to design an experiment
* lacks genralisability
* poor population validity
77
for reductionism
| holism & reductionism - A03
* allows for scientific testing that means we can predict behaviour and therefore control or repeat it
* reliable
* replicable
* increase internal valdiity
78
against reductionism
| holism & reductionism - A03
* doesnt adress wider influences jsut one aspect of behaviour
* misses things that may be important resulting in an incomplete explanation of behaviour and treatments
* incomplete explanation
79
idiographic
| idiographic & nomothetic
* focuses on the individual differences
* qualatative data and individual experiences
* the study of individuals rather than groups
80
nomothetic
| idiographic & nomothetic
* focuses on general principles and laws that apply to a group (large groups)
* .1. classifing people into groups
* .2. establishing principles
* .3. establishing dimensions
81
the nomothetic approach
| idiographic & nomothetic
* use statistical/quantative techniques
* biological , cognitve , behaviourist approach
* experimental , correlation , psychometric testing
* .+ regarded as a science
* .+ helps psychology as a whole be more scientific
* .- low general validity
* .- may not apply to everyone
* .- looses sight of the person as a whole
82
idiographic approach
| idiographic & nomothetic
* qualative data
* does not seek to formulate laws
* individuals or small groups
* case studies , unstructered interviews & thematic anaylsis
* .+ focuses on the individual
* .+ findings can serve as a hypothesis for later study
* .- time consuiming and expensive
83
case study - KF
| idiographic & nomothetic
* memory
* an existing nomothetic theory (multi store model)
* motor bike accident affecting STM
* idiographic research led to a new modwl (working memory model )
84
case studies
| idiographic & nomothetic
* phinease gage
* H.M
* Tan
* little albert
* david reimer
85
for idiographic research
| idiographic & nomothetic - A03
* rich detailed data - treat people for their condition in a personalised way (client centered therapy)
* allows studies of behaviours which cant be manipulated
86
against idiographic research
| idiographic & nomothetic - A03
* small sample size - cant generalised
* less scientific
* time consuming
87
for nomothetic research
| idiographic & nomothetic - A03
* highly scientific - reliable
88
against nomothetic research
| idiographic & nomothetic - A03
* ignores subjective experiences
* scientific - cant neccesarily apply the findings to real life
89
ethical guidlines
| ethical issues & social sensitivity
* proffesional recommendations and advice for psychologists to follow as they do research or provide treatments
* consent
* debrief
* confidentuality
* deception
* right to withdraw
* protection of particiapnt
90
ethical issue
| ethical issues & social sensitivity
* when research being conducted may impose some form of phsyical or psychological harm on particpants
91
ethical implications
| ethical issues & social sensitivity
* affects studies and theories
* the impact or consequence that psycholgocal research has on the rights of other people in a wider contect
92
social sensitivity
| ethical issues & social sensitivity
* the proficiency at which an individual can identify , percieve, and understand cues and contexts in social interactions along with being socially respectful to others
93
milgram
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* deception - no informed consent
* significant distress
* discouraged from withdrawing
94
bowlby
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* form attachments with mother, critical period
* materal deprivation
* big implications forwomen (staying home)
95
socially sensitve research
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* any study that has a potential social consequence for the participamts of the group of people reprosented by the research
* **sieber and stanley** - proposed 4 ascpects of scientific research that raised potential for ethical implications in SSR
1. **research question** - "are there racial differences in IQ" - think will it affect the particpants
2. **methodology**
3. **institutional context** - why are they funding it and what do they want to find
4. **interoretation and application of findings**
96
lowney (1995)
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* observations of a group of teens satanists in small town
* documented these views and their lifes
* she blamed it on american schools
* **ruining the school system, not blaming the kids , let people do what they want**
97
humphreys
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* looked into practices and social interactions of gay men meeting up in public toliet for sex
* posed as a gay man and met with them
* he took their personal details and found where they live
* found that gay men public behaviour was not harmful to anyone
* **posing as gay man, lying , deception**
98
raine
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A02
* carried out brain scans of violent criminals
* was damage in the areas that are associated with impulse control
* criminality brain type
* start to screen children for the brain type
* negative of ethical issues & social sensitivity
* **discrimate against people**
99
benefits for groups
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A03
* homosexuality
* in 1952 DSM-1 listed as a 'sociopathic personality disorder' but finally removed in 1973
* **kinsey report** - interviwed with over 5000 men about their sexual behaviour
* concluded that homosexuality is a normal variant of human life
100
real world application
| ethical issues & social sensitivity - A03
* certain groups rely on research related to socially sentive issues
* for example childcare, education , mental health provisions
* psyhcology provides high quality research on socially sentive topics
