Psychopathology - paper 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
definitions of abnormality
definitions of abnormality
A
- statistical infrequency
- deviation from social norms
- failure to function adequantely
- deviation from ideal mental health
2
Q
statistical infrequency
definitions of abnormality
A
- if a trait or behaviour you are measuring is rare or statistically unusal
- characteristics measured from the population
- .+ real world application
- .+ consistent
- .+ objective
- .- vague
- .- makes depression look normal
3
Q
deviation from social norms
definitions of abnormality
A
- unwritten rule about whats acceptable in a particular society
- person is abnormal if their behaviour violates it
- homosexual (back in day)
- .+ adaptable
- .+ helps society
- .- norms are always changing
- .- ethical differneces
4
Q
failure to function
definitions of abnormality
A
- cant cope with everyday life
- behaviour is irrational, dangerous, and a threat to themselves of society
- .+ easily identifed
- .+ valid
- .- who decides
- .- negative perspective
5
Q
deviation from ideal mental health
definitions of abnormality
A
- loss of characteristics which are good mental health (johoda 6 points
- postive attitude towards self
- self-actualisation
- autonomy
- resitance to stress
- master of their environment
- accuate perception of reality
- .+ easy to define
- .+ looks at postives
- .- culture bias
- .- subjective
- .- unrealistic criteria
6
Q
phobias
characteristics of disorders
A
- dsm-5 & idc-11 - describes symtoms ect
- specific phobia - on an object or expirence
- social phobia - fear of social event
7
Q
behaviours, cognitive & emotional - for phobia
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - panic , avoidance , endurance
- emotional - anxiety , distress (disproportional)
- cognitive - selective attention , cognitive disoriations , irrational beliefs
8
Q
depression
characteristics of disorders
A
- 5+ symtoms for 2 weeks - one must be low mood or loss of intrest
- need to cause clinical distress , impatiant in socail experiences
- cannot involve other medical condtions or substance abuse
9
Q
behavioural, cognitive , emotional - depression
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - endurance , self medication , no appitite
- emotional - empty , same , exhasusted
- cognitive - selective attention , irrational beliefs
10
Q
ocd
characteristics of disorders
A
- obssesions – meaning attracted – distress – compulsions – short term relief – negative reinforcement – obsessions
11
Q
behavioural, emotional , cognitve - ocd
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - compulsions , avoidance of triggers
- emotional - anxiety , depression , embarased
- cogntive - obsessive thoughts , irrasible thoughts
12
Q
mower - two process model of phobias
explaining phobias
A
- aquire through classical conditioning
- maintain through opperant conditioning
13
Q
acquisition
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- acquire through associatation
- we learn associate something we dont fear(ns)
- with something that triggers a fear response (ucs)
- assosiation
- ns is now cs
14
Q
maintance
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- cc suggest that extinction should eventually occur if the cs is without the ucs
- explained by operant conditioning
- negative reinforcement
- avoidance of the CS makes the person feel less anxiety so will be more likely to repeat this
*
15
Q
evaluations of two process model
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- (+) supporting evidence - little abert - however - cant generlise - little albert was taken away before they could do maintaince
- (+) treatments based off of the theory - systematic desensitaion & flooding
- (-) doesnt explain phobias with no trauma - biological (heights) - different theory
16
Q
aim of treating phobias
treating phobias
A
- aim is to create a new conditioned response - relaxation
- achieved by counterbalancing
- based off the theory - reciprocal inhibition - cant feel 2 psychological states at once ( fear and relaxation )
17
Q
systematic desensitaion
treating phobias
A
- anxiety hierarchy - rate phobia sistuations to least and most
- relaxation training - taught relaxation techniques
- gradual exposure - start at bottom of hierarchy and work way up
- gradually increase when you become calm
18
Q
flooding
treating phobias
A
- exposure to stimuli
- continous exposure
- exhaustion will eventually occur
- exchaustion occurs when adrenaline runs out and you feel a sense of calmnest
19
Q
evaluations of systemic densensitiation
treating phobias
A
- (+) supporting evidence - gilroy - long lasting effect
- (+) ethics - consesnt do it on your own - less particapnt harm
- (-) economic - takes longer to do
20
Q
evaluations of flooding
treating phobias
A
- (+) ecominic consideration - cost effective
- (-) ethical - highly traumatic
- critism of method - only use on specific phobias - water is difficult
21
Q
cognitive explaition of depression
explaining depression
A
- becks explanation (negative triad)
- ellis explanation (abc model)
22
Q
becks explanation of depression
explaining depression
A
-
faulty thinking
* seeing a negative aspect of a situation and ignoring the postives
* black and white thinking (either good or bad) -
negative self schema
* having a bad view of yourslef
* all infomation about themselves is bad - negative triad
23
Q
negative triad
explaining depression
A
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future
- negative view of the self
24
Q
cognitive triangle
explaining depression
A
faulty thoughts – behaviour – feeling –
25
evauluations of becks explaination of depression
| explaining depression
* .+ supporting evidence - gravilo & terry - 65 pregnant women in 3rd trimester - asses cognitive process now and after baby born - people who had ft in pregancy had it after -
* .+ clerk, beck & alford (book) - scientific foundations of cognitive theory & therapy of depression - found evidence of faulty thinking happened before depression
26
ellis explaination of depression (abc model)
| explaining depression
* govered by our beliefs of events rather than the event itself
* bad mental health = irrational thoughts
* **A** - ACTIVATING EVENT - irrational thoughts are triggered by an external event
* **B** - BELIEFS - beilveing a major diaster will happen when soemthing doesnt go smoothly
* **C** - CONSEQENCES - when an event triggers an irrational belief there are emotional & behavioural conssequences
27
evauations of ellis abc model
| explaining depression
* .+ gives patient control- free will as its about beliefs - better results
* .- only explains reactive depression & not endogenous depression - reductionist
28
treatments of depression
| treating depression
* cbt
* rebt (abcde model)
* behavioural activiation
29
CBT - becks cognitive therapy
| treating depression
* to identify the porblem from the negative triad and then challenge the idea
* change the view
* set homework - situations and how you can see it in a different way
30
REBT - ABCDE - ellis
| treating depression
* **D** - dispute
* **E** - effect
* identify and challenge issue
* start vigourous arguments with patient
31
behavioural activations
| treating depression
* when depressed people avoid situations and worsen symtoms
* gradually decrease avoidance and isolation
* increase engagment in some activites
32
evaluations for cbt
| treating depression
* .+ supporting evidence - mark et al - cbt , cbt and drugs , drugs , none - cbt and drugs 81%
* .- cbt is treatment causation fallacy - getting rid of the symtops doesnt get rid of the problem - more likely to come back - high relapse rate
* .- doesnt work for severe cases - cognitive disabilies - need lots of motivation ---------- can be adapted for certain situations
33
explaining ocd
| explaining ocd
* genetic explaination -COMT gene - SERT gene
* neural explanation - neurotransmitters - brain structures
33
genetic explaination
| explaining ocd
* caused by faulty bioloigical process
* faulty genes iherited
* study - billet - mz twins - twice likely to get ocd
* study - nestadt - 68% mz 31% dz cordiance rate
* genes are aetiologically heterogenous (diff in each person)
* polygenic
* not enough sert gene (serotonin)
* to much comt gene (dopamine)
34
neural explanation
| explaining ocd
* less neurotransmitters (serotonin) - stops bad thoughts - so become hyperaware if less
* **basal ganglia** - distributs serontin and emotional control - stops unwated thoughts and keeps wanted
* **orbitofrontal cortex** - turns sensory infomation into toughts and actions - ocd have to much action
* **the worry circuit - orbitofrontal cortex , basal ganglia , thalamus** - ofc sends worry signal whihc are stopped or sent by basal ganlia to thalamus - is basal ganglia not working the worry signals will send
35
advantages of explanation to ocd
| explaining ocd
* supporting evidence (genetic) - nestadt - 68% mz to 31% dz - genes play a role - highers the validity
* (+) supporting evidence (neural) - antidepressants wokr purly on serotonin - increases levels of neurotransmitters - suggests serotinin must be invloved in it
36
disadvanatges of the explanation of ocd
| explaining ocd
* (-) to many candiate genes - can not predit - taylor found there are 230 genes invloved - polygenic - impossile to predict - difficult to treat
* (-) ignores other factors - cromer found over half ocd pateinst with ocd had traumatic event - more sevre case - genes cant be olny factor - another explaination
37
ssri
| treating ocd
1. the action potential moves down the axon of the pre synapic neuron towards terminal buttons
2. action potential goes onto vesicles which realise neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
3. neurotransimitters diffuse and bind with receptorsites or go back to reuptake transporters
4. summation - postive = exicatory , negative = inhibted
5. **ssri block reuptake transpoter forcing serotinin to remain in gap - more likely to bind with recepotor sites and inhibit new action potential**
38
evaluations of ssri
| treating ocd
* (+) supporting evidences - placebo & drug - drug worked better - shows it wokrs - highers valdity
* (+) comnination - works best with cbt - more effective - has real life application
* (-) not long lasting - high relapse rate - need high motivation when come off - become depanddent on the drug
* (-) treat symtom not the cause - doesnt cue trauma - lowers validty
39
