Social Influence - Paper 1 Flashcards

Question

ethics | asch

Answer 1

* ethical issues * deception - told them they were doing somehting else * although wouldnt have been able to do it without that * needed decption but also a debrief

Answer 2

* temporal validty * research took place when confomrity was high in america * perrin and spencer tried to recreate but found significantly lower results

Answer 3

* wether people would conform to the social roles of prison guard or prisoner when placed in mock environment * also wanted to see if it was due to dispositional factors or external factors

Answer 4

* 21 male university students * volenteered in a newspaper * paided $15 a day * randomly assigned to prisoner or guard

Answer 5

* to see if they had pre existing mental issues * set a base for the experiment

Answer 6

* 3 cells , 1 guard room * hold * prison cell * visting hours * court yard * priests, lawyers * number asisgned * arrested by real police offciers

Answer 7

* priosners were arrested by real officers infront of friends and family * given a number to wear with chains to wear * guards given uniforms , dark reflective sunglasses and handcuffs * meant to be 2 weeks but only lasted 6 days

Answer 8

* degreade and humilate them * dehumanise * make them feel small and useless * remove identiy

Answer 9

* deindividuation of the guards - dont see them as one persom * feel like a different person * reflective glasses - "cant see their pain" * putting on a uniform means they are a different person

Answer 10

* found they quickly identifed with their roles * guards getting increasivly more abusive and would dehumaise the prisoners * prisoners became submissve * 5 of the prisoners got realise early due to psychological damdge * stopped when one of his students convided him this was inhumane * had interviews after and then met 2 months after

Answer 11

* people quickly conform to social roles even when the roles go against their moral principles * situational factors were extremely influenciaal

Answer 12

* high interal validity * important application * ethical guidlines * condtridicting findings

Answer 13

* high level of control over extranous variables * good ecological validyt * did what happened in prisoners

Answer 14

* found suicide is 8x more likly in prisons * how poeple should act in prisons * how guards need to act * the support needed in prions

Answer 15

* right to withdraw - didnt let them go unless they went crazy * particapnt harm - caused extreme psychriatric damadge

Answer 16

* bbc prison study * did not conform to social roles * prisoners tried to take over * guards didnt abuse prisoners * temporal valdity

Answer 17

* a form of social influence where an individual acts in a response to a direct order from another individual , who is usally an authority figure

Answer 18

* **aim** - to see if the americal male would act the same to germans in obediance * **prodecure** - met with learner and lab coat * picked role (always teacher) * had to learn words shock if wrong * had a shock to see what its like * went from 15v to 450v * lab coat urged the teacher to carry on * **particapnt** - 40 america males , volenteers , payed 4.5 * **results**- 65% went to 450 , 100% went to 300v * **conc** - ordinary people obey to orders of a percieved authority figure even to extent of killing

Answer 19

* close proximity * obediance decreased to 40% * humanises learners * feel more responsible

Answer 20

* proximity * decreased to 20% * feel less acountable to authority figure * less risk of punishment

Answer 21

* location * decrease to 47.5% * reduces the expirementers legitamcy of authority

Answer 22

* touch proximity * decrease to 30% * humanise learner * feel more responable

Answer 23

* legitamate authority uniform * decrease to 20% * experimentor doesnt seem legitemate * no reason to obey

Answer 24

* feild experiment * 3 men ordering new yorkers * dressed as , everyday civvilan , milkman , security guard * poeple were 3 times more likly to obey guard than civillan * 89% obeyed guard , 57% obeyed milkman , 33% civillian

Answer 25

* obdiance among nurses to docors * docotr telephone nurses and told them to give drug to patient * didnt know docotr * didnt take protacal * 21/22 took the order * highlights issues nurses face

Answer 26

* **strenght** * ecological validity - hofling * application * reliable * good interal validity * **negatives** * particapnt harm , no informed consent - hofling * rank and jacoubson * sample

Answer 27

* nurses in hispotal , taking orders over the phone and obeying - shows how people can abuse their power * **negatives** * **particapnt harm** - no informed consent , particapnt harm - nurses feel distress after , could loose their job * **rank and jacoubson** - did it again but with a normal drug that nurses always use and there was no obeying

Answer 28

* small * biased * all men * oaided 4.50 * vollenteers

Answer 29

* why they use uniforms in army or police * percieved authority * schools

Answer 30

* controlled * lab study * control extranous varibales

Answer 31

acting as an agent for an authoritain figure - dont have responsability

Answer 32

acting on your own demands - free from control

Answer 33

someone who has power and respect in society

Answer 34

wether they are real or not

Answer 35

someone who is higher in society

Answer 36

* learning through others - parents , friends , school

Answer 37

* gain authoirty due to harm and want to cause harm

Answer 38

the fight between morals and what youve been asked to do

Answer 39

* the factor that keeps you in the agentic state

Answer 40

* two states of behaviour * agentic and auonomous * autonomous - people act on their own values and take responsability * agentc - when they let people direct their actions and dont take responsability - act as an agent

Answer 41

* poeple are generally in autonous * go through the agentic shift * to go through the shift, the person giving the order must be a percieved authority figure * need to be seen as legitamte * ascpects - locaton , uniform

Answer 42

* how we react to authority is to do with our upbringing - socialiasation * we learn through our parents and school ect * we are taught to respct people who have power over us

Answer 43

* if they are aware the order they have been goven could cause a negative impact - they go through moral strain * as they understand its bad, however will not feel responsable as tey are an agent * the person giving the orders also feels less as they arent doing it psychically * to stay in agentic state there are binding factors - denying what theyve done , blaming the victum/order

Answer 44

* **suporrting evidence** - blass and schmitt * showed video of milgram study and everyone blamed the experimentor * shows uniform deems them to be more authortarian and have more power * **limited explanation** - doesnt explain why they didnt all obey in milgrams study * as hofling - shouldnt be obeying on the phone * cant be this one explanation * **culutral differences** - did milgrams study in australia , germnay and america * all had different obediance levels * could be more factors to obediance * cant be generalised

Answer 45

based on characterisitcs of (within) the individual as opposed to curcusmtances they find themesleves in (situational)

Answer 46

as traits that were believed to cluster together in individuals as a result of childhood experiences

Answer 47

that puts others into sterotypical catagories (sterotyping)

Answer 48

hostile to people seen as inferior , serve to people seen as superiror , contemprous of weakness

Answer 49

uncomfortable with uncertinty , see things in black and white , rigid and inflexible with their views

Answer 50

very rigid and traditional values and beleive society requires strong leadership to enforce these

Answer 51

* strict parenting * the love of their parents was conditional and dependant upon how they behaved * they create an uncounscious resent,ent inside the child as they grow up * as they cant express this, its displaced on others who are seen as weak

Answer 52

* when someone believes that people should obey and submit to those above * they have a fixed cognitve style * this means they sterotype to prevent seeing any grey (ambiguity) * see things in black and white * stems from our childhood * from unconditional love * displace onto those weaker * hostile to those inferior and serve the superior * very rigid tradition views

Answer 53

* **aim**- to determine if obdeiance is a result of personality differences * **sample** - 2000 white middle class americans * **procedure** - used an fscale to assess attidues and morals * looked at morals, race , relgion, economic and politics * wethered they agreeded to the questions or not * **finding** - those who scored high on the fscale identified with strong people and were comtemptous of the weak - concious of status and respects higher status * had a black and white cognitve style * **conc** - there are indivudials who have authoritatian personalities who tend to be espically obediant

Answer 54

* **supporting evidence** - milgram interviewed people who fully obeyed in his study and found they had a high score on the f scale * suggests a certain personality type you are more likely to obey * highers validty * however only correlation not causation - not a full explantion * **problem - we try to explain obdediance for the majoirty of the country** * pre germany - antisemantic , racisst , obediant * america - donald trump * this cannot be explained by ap because not everyone has the personality to do this * over generalised * **politcal bias** - places like russia and north korea obeying extreme views however have low fscale * generalising a whole idiolgy becomes problamtic - socially senstivve * limited explanation

Answer 55

* the ability to withstand social pressire to conform to the majoirty or obey authroity * the ability to do this is influences by situational and disponsital factors

Answer 56

is the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives, it is our preception of our personal control over our own behaviour

Answer 57

* outcomes within your control * determined by your work. attributes or decisions * high levels of control over your life -take personal responsability * seeks info which will personally help them * resists group pressure - less likly to rely on others

Answer 58

* outcomes are out of your control * deterimed by fate and independant of your hardwork or decisions * believe life is determined by external factors * "wrong place wrong time" * rely on luck * influenced by others * dont beleive they exercise personal control

Answer 59

* **supporting** - spector used a loc scale on 157 students - people with high were less likly to conform * supports reason why we obey - supports existance * however - only applys in social situations as didnt show a difference for informational social influence * **supporting** - oliner and oliner - interviwed non jewish surviors of ww2 and compared to those who resisted orders * real life application * **contradicting** - meta analysis of all studies over 40 years -over time people become more external but less likly to obey * lacks temporal validty * correlation isnt as strong

Answer 60

* a reason we resist is because they have an ally (someone supporting their POV) * this can build confidence * which allows an individial to feel independant * having support stops them feeling ridiculed * only short term * not lasting very long afterwards if a co-dissenter returns to confroming * less likly to obey orders as they have support

Answer 61

* **evidence social support reduces conforminty - asch** * drops to 5% when somebody else steps out and says a different awsner * when we have social support we are less likly to confrom * **evidence that social support reduces obediance - milgram** * obediance drops form 60% to 10% when another confederate agrees with the particapant

Answer 62

* the smaller number or part , especially a number or part reprosenting less than half of the world

Answer 63

* when a majority rejects the established norm of the majority of group members and eventually persuades the majority to move to the position of the minority

Answer 64

* internalisation (both public and private)

Answer 65

* consitency * commitment * flexability

Answer 66

* over time, consitency in the minoritys view increases the amount of interest from other people * makes others re think their POV * **Diachronis consistancy** - saying the same thing over and over again * **synchronic consistancy** - everyone in the group saying the same thing

Answer 67

* engage in quite extreme activities to draw attention to their cause, if the activities put them at risk in some way to demonstrate their commitment to the cause * increases the interest from others and highlights the importance of the issue - known as thw **aligmentation principle**

Answer 68

* if a minority is seen as rigid and uncompromising this can actually causee them to be seen in a negative light and people prevent from really considering what they are saying * being seen as willing to compromise is also important if a minority view is really ro be considered by the majoirty

Answer 69

* the minority views are accepted by more and more people until they become the majority

Answer 70

* through commitment of the cause they get external people

Answer 71

* **aim** - to see if a consitent minority ould influnce the majority in colour perception * **sample** - 172 female participants * **procedure** - were placed in groups of 6 , 2 of the 6 were confederates * showns 36 slides, which all varied shades of blue * condition 1 - consistant - said all 36 slides were green * condition 2 - inconsistance - 24 were green * **findings** - condition 1 - conformed 8.2% * condition 2 - conformed 1.25%

Answer 72

* **all female sample** - beta bias , generalise to everyone * **ethical guidlines** - deception, informed consent - lied to as there was a confederate (not fully informed consent) * **lab study** * good - contols all extranous variables - highers external valdity * bad - demand characterisitcs - not a real enviroment - change behaviour

Answer 73

* **aim** - see if flexability was the most important factor * **procedure** - placed in groups of 4 * one was a confederate * had to agree on an amount ofcompensation that they would give a victum in a ski lift accident * condition 1 - when minority argued for low compensation rate and refuded to change (inflexable) * condition 2 - arguing with low rate of compensation but compriomised slightly higher (flexable) * **findings** - inflexable - little to no effect on majoirty * flexble - majority were more likly to compromise and change their view * **conc** - striking a balance between consitency and flexability id he most succesful stratergy `

Answer 74

* **deception** - neccesary to do look into the facts * debrief after * **ecological valdity** * more realstic task * juries etc

Answer 75

Refers to the ways in which a society (rather than an individual) develops over time to replace beliefs, attitudes and behaviour with new norms and expectations.

Answer 76

* drawing attention * deeper processing * consitency * augmentation principle * snowball effect * normative social influence * gradiual commitement * social cryptoamnesia

Answer 77

in order for a social change to occur, the majority must first of all be made aware of the need for the change. This may involved sharing information to highlight the issue (ISI)

Answer 78

* the more people think about the issue at hand, rather than blindly accepting it, the more they will, in turn, be able to challenge the existing social norms to bring about change. * This in part comes through the role of conflict - when we see groups ‘passionately disagreeing’ it can cause us to examine the minority arguments more fully and think more deeply about it.

Answer 79

displaying consistency of viewpoint and intended outcome is beneficial in bringing about social change, as the message appears more credible and can help to convince a majority.

Answer 80

* when the majority pays attention to selfless and risky actions being taken by the minority group * is more likely to integrate the group’s opinion into their own personal viewpoints due to the personal sacrifice made by the minority.

Answer 81

* once the minority viewpoint has got the attention of some of the majority group members, more and more people begin paying attention and the minority viewpoint gathers momentum, * much like a snowball growing in size when rolled along a snowy field.

Answer 82

once you have a majority conforming to the new norms, social change can be encouraged by highlighting the behaviour/ attitudes of the majority, to urge others to follow suit for normative reasons (e.g. to fit in).

Answer 83

* obedience can also be involved if governments get on board and decide to change laws. * Once a small instruction has been followed, it is harder for larger requests to be declined. * This is often referred to as ‘the foot in the door technique’ and means that people effectively find themselves adopting a new way of behaving gradually over a period of time as subsequent orders are given.

Answer 84

* the majority knows that a social change has occurred but the source of the change and the message itself have become disassociated through the process of social cryptoamnesia and they do not recall how it has happened.

Answer 85

* **problem - reports of social change cant be tested empircally** - nelson mandela movement , he was not aware that it was going to happen, means we have to research it retrospectivly , idographic approach has to be taken and subjective interpritation, no scientfic credibility * **supporting evidence - nolan** - hung up fliers in poeples houses about reducing energy as other people were - reduced numebers - shows when people are already doing it others are going to join in - deeper processing

Social Influence - Paper 1 Flashcards

(109 cards)