Biopyschology Flashcards

Question

what's a problem that could occur when researching about fight or flight

Answer 1

Beta bias could arise which minimizes n ignores gender differences, its problematic in FOF response research as it can lead to inaccurate generalizations about human stress responses, especially when research is solely based on male subjects.eg Androcentric Research: shows research on the FOF response has often focused on male subjects, leading to an assumption that findings apply equally to both sexes. This approach ignores the possibility that females may respond differently to stress, leading to a misunderstanding of female stress responses. research has often been conducted with male animals due to different hormone levels in females that may make the research more difficult. It was assumed that the FOF response would apply also to F. Taylor et al. (2000) found that females exhibit a "tend and befriend" response, suggesting that female biology evolved to inhibit fight or flight, shifting attention towards caring for offspring and forming defensive networks rather than the traditional "fight or flight" response. buttttt lee and Harley found evidence to suggest there was a genetic basis of sex differences for FOF stress response being found mostly in males. eg the SRY gene which found only in male Y chromosome is believed to be responsible for promoting aggression. This has been linked to the FOF stress response and that it primes males to respond to stress through releasing adrenaline and increasing blood flow. absence in females along w oestrogen n oxytocin may be enough to stop stress response. THERE IS MORE LOOK ON QUIZLET JUWEL

Answer 2

cell in ns that transmits info to other nerve cells or muscle glands. sensor motor relay

Answer 3

-motor is in cns(brain and spinal cord) and control movement in pns. -relay in cns and they allow sensory and motor neurone to communicate -sensory in pns and transmit messages to cns.

Answer 4

motor-cell body, axon,axon terminal, dendrites,node of ranvier relay-cell body, axon,axon terminals, dendrites sensory-cell body,axon,myselin sheath, receptor cell

Answer 5

dendrites-receives signals from other neuron's or from sensory receptor cells axon-long slender fibres that carries nerve impulses in the form of an electrical signal know as action potential axon terminal-connects neurons to other neuron's in synaptic T

Answer 6

it insulates the axon so electrical impulses can travel faster along axon and contain schwa's cells which is what its made up of giving it this function doesn't need to ravel far

Answer 7

they don't have dendrites so axon has two extentions with the cell body in the middle. 1 extention = gather the receptor cells which gather sensory input. Other extention = transmits information to the spinal cord in the CNS.

Answer 8

-Sensory neuron = Myelin shealth Relay neuron = No Myelin shealth -Sensory neuron = Transmits message from the PNS into the CNS Motor neuron = transmits messages from CNS into PNS

Answer 9

junction where two neutrons communicate w out physically touching it consist of the sending (pre-synaptic) neuron’s axon terminal A tiny gap called the synaptic cleft The receiving (post-synaptic) neuron’s dendrite or cell body

Answer 10

the small gap between neurons at a synapse. function is to allow for the transmission of chemical signals, by neurotransmitters, from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrite or cell body of another.

Answer 11

Terminal buttons at the ends of neurons contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. When an action potential reaches these terminals, it triggers the release of these chemical messengers.

Answer 12

Information is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impluse known as action potential once action potential reaches end of axon it needs to be transferred to another neutron or tissue by crossing synaptic gap.at the end of neuron in axon terminal are synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.arrival of AT stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse. These then diffuse over the postsynaptic membrane of the closest neuron which has synaptic receptors which recognise and are activated by that particular neurotransmitter.any that don't bind to receptor sites will go through reuptake for later use.

Answer 13

when neurotransmitter is excitory and it stimulates activity in areas of the brain.they make a nerve impulse or action potential more likely to be triggered and cause the post- synaptic neuron to fire. when neurotransmitter is inhibitory it calms the brain and nervous system.they make it less likely that a neuron will fire and stop nerve impulses at the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 14

“action potential” of the post-synaptic neuron and the message type which is received at the post synaptic receptors. Only certain neurotransmitters can activate a message channel and when the right neurotransmitter and receptor meet, a specific ion channel within the membrane opens allowing the ions to flow through the membrane to specific pathways. It is this flooding of ions which can cause a “potential” in the dendrites which is either excitatory or inhibitory.

Answer 15

acetylchlorine- is responsible for voluntary movement and it is high in ppl who have depression and low in ppl who have dementia. dopamine-Involved in learning and attention. High level = Schizophrenia Low = Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 16

GABA- it blocks, or inhibits, certain brain signals and decreases activity in your nervous system. serotonin-regulates mood n emotion

Answer 17

a way of achieving an action potential.

Answer 18

FMRI EEG ERP POST MORTEM

Answer 19

FMRI measures blood flow in brain when individuals engage in various tasks. Behaviours may involve alternating between tasks EG looking at something for a period and then closing their eyes for a period; the changes can establish which area’s are activated by particular stimuluses. This results in increased neural activity within these areas due to most active neurons use most energy in form of O2 and C6h12O6.deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood have diff magnetic qualities and fmri can detect these different magnetic qualities and be used to create a 3D map of brain.

Answer 20

by Hans Berger (1929) and measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the head which detect electrical activity of brain cells and the millions of neurons. useful for detecting various brain disorders such as epilepsy or disorders such as Alzheimers disease which influence brain activity. Four basic EEG patterns picked up using electroencephalogram (EEG) are alpha waves, beta waves, delta waves and theta waves. The EEG is able to pick up the amplitude (size or intensity of electrical activity) as well as the frequency (the speed or rapidity of electrical activity). Two distinctive states recognised using the EEG are synchronized patterns where a recognisable waveform of a particular amplitude and frequency can be identified or a desynchronized pattern where no recognisable waveform is visible although the frequency may still be determined.

Answer 21

use electrodes to measure very small voltage changes within the brain when patients are presented with a stimulus such as a picture or sound which requires cognitive processing. As they are difficult to identify from all other background activity within the brain, to establish direct response to the stimulus, it is presented numerous times which are then averaged together. Regular specific electrical responses to the stimulus gradually add together while background electrical “noise” is cancelled out allowing the ERP to emerge. they divide into two categories; waves that occur within the first 100 milliseconds after presentation of the stimulus (known as sensory ERP’s) and ERPs generated after the first 100 milliseconds which are known as cognitive ERP’s as they demonstrate some level of evaluation by the patient and cognitive processing occurring.

Answer 22

where researchers study the physical brain of a person who displayed a particular behaviour while they were alive that suggested possible brain damage. For eg people alive that display irregular behaviour can be studied to identify possible damage within their brains for abnormality thru this. When compared to a normal brain, any abnormalities found during it can help us better understand cause and the area of the brains which may be responsible. Post-mortem studies have also helped identify the brain structures involved in memory and help establish a link between psychopathological disorders like schizophrenia and depression. Iverson examined the brains of dead schizophrenic patients and found all had a higher conc of dopamine, especially in limbic system, compared with brains of ppl without schizophrenia, highlighting the importance of such investigations.

Answer 23

An adv of fMRI is that is non-invasive. Unlike other scanning techniques, for eg (PET), fMRI does not use radiation or insert instruments directly into the brain, so virtually risk-free. this allow more patients to take fMRI scans which could help psychologists to gather further data on the functioning human brain and develop our understanding of localisation of function. fMRI scans have good spatial resolution. which is the smallest feature (or measurement) that a scanner can detect, Greater spatial resolution allows psychologists to discriminate between different brain regions with greater accuracy. fMRI has SR of approximately 1-2 mm which is better than other techniques (EEG, ERP, etc.), psychologists can determine activity of different brain regions with greater accuracy when using fMRI, in comparison to when using EEG and/or ERP. fMRI scans have low temporal resolution, meaning they are not very fast at detecting changes in brain activity. They measure brain activity every 1-4 seconds, which is much slower than other methods like EEG or ERP, which can detect changes in 1-10 milliseconds. Because of this, psychologists cannot accurately determine exactly when brain activity begins. fMRI scans don’t directly measure brain cell activity. Instead, they track changes in blood flow, which makes it impossible to prove cause and effect at the neural level. A change in blood flow may suggest activity in a brain area, but psychologists can’t be sure if that area is responsible for a specific function. MORE EXPENSIVE

Answer 24

An advantage of EEG IS non-invasive. Unlike (PET), EEG do not use radiation or insertS instruments directly into the brain and are therefore virtually risk-free. Furthermore, EEG CHEAPER in comparison with fMRI scanning and more readily available., this should allow more patients/participants to undertake EEG which could help psychologists to gather further data on the functioning human brain and therefore develop our understanding of different psychological phenomena, such as sleeping patterns and disorders like Alzheimer's. Another is EEG has good temporal resolution: it takes readings every millisecond so it can record the brain’s activity in real time as opposed to looking at a passive brain. leads to an acc measurement of electrical activity when undertaking a specific task. However, EEG uncomfortable for the participant, as electrodes are attached to the scalp.leading to unrepresentative readings as the patient’s discomfort may be affecting cognitive responses to situations. another disadvantage of EEG is that it has poor spatial resolution. which is smallest feature (or measurement) that a scanner can detect, EEGS only detect the activity in superficial regions of the brain. EEGS are unable to provide information on what is happening in the deeper regions of the brain (such as the hypothalamus), making this technique limited in comparison to the fMRI, which has a spatial resolution of 1-2mm. that electrical activity is often detected in several regions of the brain simultaneously. so it can be difficult pinpoint the exact area/region of activity, making it difficult for researchers to draw accurate conclusions.

Answer 25

An advantage of ERP is non-invasive. Unlike other scanning techniques, (PET), ERP do not use radiation or inserts instruments directly into the brain and are therefore virtually risk-free. ERP is much cheaper techniques in comparison with fMRI more readily available. this should allow more patients/participants to undertake EEG/ERPs, which could help psychologists to gather further data on the functioning human brain and therefore develop our understanding of different psychological phenomena, such as sleeping, and different disorders like Alzheimer's. Another is ERP has good temporal resolution: it takes readings every millisecond, so it can record the brain’s activity in real time as opposed to looking at a passive brain.Leading to an accurate measurement of electrical activity when undertaking a specific task .However, ERPs are highly sensitive to external noise, such as eye movements,= distort the results. Multiple trials averaged=time consuimg Same waveform can be made thru diff cognitive process make it hard to see what Brian is responding to one disadvantage of ERP is that it has poor spatial resolution. which is smallest feature (or measurement) that a scanner can detect, ERPs only detect the activity in superficial regions of the brain. ERPs are unable to provide information on what is happening in the deeper regions of the brain (such as the hypothalamus), making this technique limited in comparison to the fMRI, which has a spatial resolution of 1-2mm. adv:ERPs enable the determination of how processing is affected by specific experimental manipulation. This makes ERP use a more experimentally robust method as it can eliminate extraneous neutral activity, something that other scanning techniques (and EEG) may struggle to do.

Answer 26

LIM-The deficit a patient displays during lifetime (eG an inability to speak) may not be linked to the deficits found in brain (e.g.damaged Broca’s area). The deficits could have been the result of another illness, and so psychologists unable to conclude that the deficit is caused by the damage found in the brain. many extraneous factors that can affect the results/conc of post-mortem exams. eg, people die at diff stages of life and for different reasons. ALSO,any meds some1es been taking, age, and the length of time between death and post-mortem, are all confounding factors strength- they provide detailed examination of the anatomical structure and neurochemical aspects of brain that is not possible with other scanning techniques (e.g. EEG, ERP and fMRI). it can access areas like hypothalamus and hippocampus, which other technq cannot, and give researchers insight into these deeper brain regions, providing a useful basis for further research. For eg Iverson They are invasive but patients dead but it raises ethical questions about informed consent before patient died and some patients may of had deficits where they couldn't of even given consent

Biopyschology Flashcards

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