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From Flashcardlet > Biotechnology Test Review > Flashcards

Biotechnology Test Review Flashcards

0
Q

A restriction shows the ……. of DNA fragments.

A

Sizes

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1
Q

What are the exposed bases left behind restriction enzymes called?

A

Sticky ends

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2
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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3
Q

List and describe what happens in each of PCR.

A

1) Separating- to separate the DNA strands
2) Binding- primers bind to complementary DNA sequences
3) Copying- polymerases begin to build new strand of DNA

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4
Q

During PCR, what are used as a starting point for the process?

A

Primers

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5
Q

DNA amplification is possible through the process of……

A

PCR

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6
Q

PCR requires the use of a…..

A

Thermal cycler

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7
Q

List in order the steps of PCR.

A

1) Separating
2) Binding
3) Copying

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8
Q

During PCR, what is the purpose of primers?

A

Provide a starting point of DNA segments

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9
Q

What is DNA fingerprint?

A

Representation of parts of an old individual’s DNA to ID at molecular level

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10
Q

A DNA fingerprint may also be called a ………..

A

Restriction map

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11
Q

How may DNA fingerprints be used?

A

1) show family relationships

2) ID people/suspects at a crime scene

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12
Q

From what type of organism are restriction enzymes isolated from?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Why do scientists use bacteria commonly in genetic engineering?

A

Can contain plasmids

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14
Q

What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?

A

To change an organism’s DNA

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15
Q

All organisms are based on the same ……..

A

Genetic

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of genetic screening?

A

To determine a person’s risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder

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17
Q

List the 2 main goals of the Human Genome Project:

A

1) map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes
2) to ID all of the genes within a sequence

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18
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA bands based what 2 things?

A

1) size

2) charge

19
Q

Which goal of the Human Genome Project has been achieved?

A

Map/sequence all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes

20
Q

During DNA gel electrophoresis, ………. fragments travel further down the agarose gel, whereas the ……. fragments settle closer to the wells.

A

Smaller, larger

21
Q

How is human insulin related to bacterial plasmids?

A

One of the first human proteins inserted bacterial plasmids/recombinant DNA

22
Q

If a restriction enzymes cuts DNA in 4 restriction sites, how many fragments are produced?

A

5

23
Q

List benefits regarding the genetic engineering of plants?

A

1) resistance to frost
2) disease resistance
3) insect resistance
4) seedless fruits
5) hearty corn/potatoes

24
Q

All organisms share the ……. genetic code.

A

Same

25
Q

List some applications of biotechnology.

A
  • gel electrophoresis
  • genetic screening
  • genomes
  • bioinformatics
  • proteomics
  • microarray
  • gene therapy
26
Q

A genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism

A

Clone

27
Q

An organism that has 1 or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome

A

Transgenic

28
Q

DNA that contains genes from 1 or more organism

A

Recombinant DNA

29
Q

The use of computers databases to organize/analyze biological data

A

Bioinformatics

30
Q

An electrical current used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments from each other according to their sizes

A

Gel electrophoresis

31
Q

A technique that produces millions-billions- of copies of specific DNA sequence in just a few hours using DNA polymerases enzymes

A

PCR

32
Q

A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand

A

Primer

33
Q

The study of genomes (can include the sequencing if all of the organism’s DNA

A

Genomics

34
Q

International effort to find the exact order of DNA bases in the human genome

A

Human Genome Project

35
Q

The replacement of a defective or missing gene or the addition of a new gene into a person’s gnome to treat a disease

A

Gene therapy

36
Q

The study and comparison if all proteins that result from an organism’s genome and includes the study of the functions/interactions of proteins

A

Proteomics

37
Q

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences

A

Restriction enzymes

38
Q

Tools that allow scientists to study many genes, and their expression at once

A

DNA microarrays

39
Q

What are the steps to conducting gene therapy?

A

1) remove patient’s cells to be targeted for therapy
2) new gene must be placed into patient’s cells
3) the new gene must become a part of the the patient’s cell’s DNA
4) infected cells are placed back into the patient

40
Q

What are 2 tools used to conduct genetic screening?

A
  • pedigree analysis
  • DNA tests
  • DNA fingerprint
41
Q

Lis challenges to gene therapy’s success.

A
  • correct genes has to be added to correct cells
  • gene’s expression has to be regulars so that it doesn’t make too much or too little
  • make sure none of the other cells are affected by the therapy
42
Q

DNA microarrays can be used to compare different cell types by showing what?

A

Patterns of gene expression

43
Q

What determines how DNA will be cut by a restriction enzyme?

A

The type of restriction enzyme used

44
Q

How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments from each other?

A

It uses an electric current

45
Q

What is the relationship between restriction sites and a restriction map?

A

Restriction sites are locations on DNA where a cut will be made. Restriction maps show fragments of DNA created.

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