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from flashcardlet > Biology semester 1 final > Flashcards

Biology semester 1 final Flashcards

0
Q

All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.

A

Metabolism

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1
Q

What is the smallest biological unit that can carry the it all functions of life?

A

Cell

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2
Q

An inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment.

A

Adaptations

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3
Q

A procedure used to test a hypothesis is called a ….

A

Experiment

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4
Q

Proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results.

A

Theory

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5
Q

List the ecological organization from most specific to the broadest.

A

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere

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6
Q

An individual living thing, such as an alligator.

A

Organism

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7
Q

A group of the same species that lives in one area such as all the alligators that love in a swamp.

A

Population

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8
Q

A group of different species that love together in one area, such as groups of alligators, turtles, birds, fish, and plants that live in a swamp.

A

Community

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9
Q

Includes all organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks, and other non living things on a given area. They vary in size.

A

Ecosystem

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10
Q

Major regional or global community of organisms, they are characterized by climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.

A

Biome

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11
Q

All organisms and the part of earth where they exist(which is all of it).

A

Biosphere

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12
Q

Nitrogen fixation is carried out by what organisms?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

How is the atomic number determined?

A

By the number of protons or what number an element is on in the periodic table.

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14
Q

If an atom has 10 protons and 11 neutrons, what is the atomic number?

A

10

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15
Q

An organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals.

A

Autotroph

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16
Q

An organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

A

Heterotroph

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17
Q

How is a covalent bond formed?

A

Covalent bonds form when atoms share a pair of electrons in their outermost shell.

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18
Q

If an atom loses an electron it becomes a …. charged ion.

A

Positive

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19
Q

What element is contained in all organic molecules?

A

Carbon

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20
Q

Organism that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem. Example: beaver and sea otter

A

Keystone species

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21
Q

Species whose being protected under the Endangered Species Act leads to the preservation of its habitat and all of the other organisms in its community. Example: Florida manatee

A

Umbrella species

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22
Q

What are the trophic levels from the bottom of the energy pyramid to the top?

A

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer

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23
Q

What are the consumer levels from top to the bottom?

A

Producer, herbivore or omnivore, carnivore or omnivore, carnivore, and decomposer.

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24
Q

Reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soli is left intact.

A

Secondary succession

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25
Q

What are some events that could lead to secondary succession?

A

Hurricanes, fire, humans, or land abandonment

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26
Q

What are two examples of density independent limiting factors?

A

Unusual weather, Hunan activities, and natural disasters

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27
Q

On a population growth curve, what is represented by the letter k?

A

the number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support

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28
Q

Condition of toxic substances being more concentrated in tissues of organism higher in the food chain than those lower in the food chain.

A

Biomagnification

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29
Q

What happens to deciduous trees in the fall?

A

Their leaves start to fall and change colors.

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30
Q

Describe the location of Earth’s tropical zones.

A

They are closer to the equator or in warmer climates.

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31
Q

What is the main cause of damage to the ozone layer?

A

CFC’s

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32
Q

Name some factors that could decrease the global warming rate.

A

Plant trees to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.m

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33
Q

Without the greenhouse effect, what would the earth be like?

A

It would be very cold and the earth wouldn’t be able to sustain any life.

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34
Q

How are coral reefs and kelp forests similar?

A

They are both found in the shallow waters of the neritic zone and unique habitats that have large communities of organisms.

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35
Q

Resource that replenishes itself quickly enough so that it will not be used faster than it can be produced.

A

Renewable resource

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36
Q

Practice of not using natural resources more quickly than they can be replenished.

A

Sustainable development

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37
Q

What feature prevents trees from being able to grow? Why is this so?

A

Permafrost and lack of precipitation prevents trees from growing in the tundra because permafrost captures and holds moisture making very little available to plants.

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38
Q

What is the primary energy source for all living things?

A

Sun

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39
Q

Model that shows the complex network of feeing relationships within an ecosystem or all food chains in an ecosystem.

A

Food web

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40
Q

What are the three main types of Lipids?

A

Oils, fats, and cholesterol

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41
Q

Which group of macromolecules can be used for long term storage?

A

Lipids (fats and oils)

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42
Q

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars or monosaccharides

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43
Q

What organic compound makes hair,nails, and muscles?

A

Proteins

44
Q

Protein catalysts are called….

A

Enzymes

45
Q

What happens to an enzyme after it has been used in a chemical reaction?

A

It is reused in another chemical reaction.m

46
Q

What type of cell transport uses energy from the cell?

A

Active transport

47
Q

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an are asp of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

A

Osmosis

48
Q

Diffusion moves molecules from a ……. concentration to a …… concentration.

A

Higher, lower

49
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

If too much water enters a cell, the cell membrane could potentially expand until it bursts.m

50
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

When water flows out if a cell, it shrivels up and even dies.

51
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life
52
Q

At what cell structure does protein synthesis take place?

A

Ribosome

53
Q

What organelle is a flattened stack of membranes that stores, packages,and ships lipids and proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

54
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.m

55
Q

What phrase describes the function of the cell membrane?

A

Selectively permeable or semipermeable

56
Q

The structure of the lipid bilayer consists of ….. On the upside and ….. Between or on the inside layer.

A

Phospholipid head, phospholipid tail

57
Q

Water is a polar substance. Explain what that means.

A

Have a region of slight positive charge and a region of negative charge. Polar molecules are also atoms with unequal pulls in the electrons they share.

58
Q

List three structures all cells have.

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosome

59
Q

Uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by inward folding if the cell membrane.

A

Endocytosis

60
Q

In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

61
Q

In which organelle does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

What are tiny aquatic free floating photosynthetic organisms called?

A

Phytoplankton

63
Q

What are tiny free floating animals called?

A

Zooplankton

64
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️ a sugar+ oxygen

6CO2+ 6H2O➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️ C6H12O6+ 6O2

65
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

A sugar + oxygen ➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️ Carbon dioxide+water

C6H12O6+ 6O2➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️ 6CO2+ H2O

66
Q

In glycolysis, what molecule is split?

A

Glucose

67
Q

Glucose is a 6 Carbon sugar that is the main source of…… For all living things.

A

Energy

68
Q

What are the two parts (main reactions) in photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent and light independent reactions

69
Q

Product of fermentation in many third of cells, including human muscle cells.

A

Latic acid fermentation

70
Q

In humans, what type of cells may carry out Latin acid fermentation?

A

Muscle cells

71
Q

A complex enzyme that cats,yes the reaction that adds s high energy phosphate energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

A

ATP synthase

72
Q

How many total ATP molecules re produced during aerobic respiration?

A

36-38

73
Q

Producing ATP for the cell is the job of which organelle?

A

Mitochondria

74
Q

How are the products and reactants of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related to each other?

A

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis.

75
Q

Cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, an example would be bacteria.

A

Prokaryotic cells/prokaryotes

76
Q

Long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information.

A

Chromosome

77
Q

A cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm.

A

Diploid

78
Q

In humans, what is the diploid chromosome number?

A

46

79
Q

Process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents.

A

Mitosis

80
Q

During interphase, what is the term given for the given genetic material in the nucleus?

A

Chromatin/DNA

81
Q

What type of reproduction produces the greatest genetic variation?

A

Meiosis

82
Q

What are the products of meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis: 4 unique haploid cells
Mitosis: 2 identical cells to the parent cell that are diploid

83
Q

How many divisions does meiosis and mitosis have?

A

Meiosis: 2
Mitosis: 1

84
Q

What is the biggest difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

In meiosis there are 2 divisions and results in 4 haploid gametes. In mitosis there is only one division and results in two identical daughter cells.

85
Q

Which process results in gametes? Identical daughter cells?

A

Meiosis, mitosis

86
Q

List the phases of mitosis in order.

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

87
Q

Chart of the phenotypes and genotypes in a family that is used to determine whether an individual is a carrier of a recessive allele.

A

Pedigree chart

88
Q

Human makes show …. On chromosome pair 23 and females show …… On pair 23. The 23rd pair is called the sex chromosomes and chromosomes 1-22 are called autosomes.

A

XY, XX

89
Q

What is the disease that results from cells losing their ability to control growth?

A

Cancer

90
Q

To spread by transferring a disease causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body.

A

Metastasize

91
Q

A grid system for predicting all possible genotype resulting from a cross.

A

Punnett Square

92
Q

On what mathematical concept are punnett problems based?

A

Probability

93
Q

How are heterozygous alleles written?

A

Hh

94
Q

How are homozygous alleles written?

A

HH or hh

95
Q

Refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes.

A

Genotype

96
Q

How are genotypes written?

A

With capital and lowercase letters

97
Q

A dihybrid cross involves how many traits?

A

Two

98
Q

The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1.

A

Crossing over

99
Q

Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes.

A

Sex linked genes

100
Q

In humans, name 2 disorders caused by sex linked traits.

A

Hemophilia and colorblindness

101
Q

When a purebred dominate allele is crossed with a purebred allele, what will be the result?

A

Heterozygous allele

102
Q

A person who is a carrier for a recessive trait disorder: will they get the disorder or not?

A

Not

103
Q

List biotic/ abiotic factors for a polar bear.

A

Abiotic- extreme cold, floating ice, cold water

Biotic- large paws, large body size, great hunting abilities, and other live prey.

104
Q

In ecology what is the Rule of 10? What does it mean?

A

On a food chain, each trophic level only receives 10% of available energy from the food it eats.

105
Q

How was the American Bald Eagle affected by DDT?

A

Mostly destroyed due to DDT. DDT were magnified as the chemical passed through the food chains causing harmful mutations in the eagle eggs.

106
Q

Name some factors that could decrease the global warming rate?

A

Decrease the amounts of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.

107
Q

What is the attraction of molecules of the same substance?

A

Cohesion

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