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Exotics and random anatomy > Birds 2 > Flashcards

Birds 2 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is the name of the fused clavicles

A

Furcula

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2
Q

Describe which eyelids of the chicken shut during sleeping and blinking

A

3rd eyelid blinks

1st and 2nd shut during sleeping

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3
Q

How does the chicken eye differ to mammals?

A

Thinner cornea
Softer lens
Thick, avascular retina
No tarsal glands

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4
Q

The beak doesn’t chew food, but breaks it to make it smaller. It also reduces weight, as it has no teeth. What are the upper and lower beaks called?

A

Upper - rhinotheca

Lower - gnathothetca

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5
Q

The cere is a waxy substance at the beak base. Which birds have this?

A

Raptors, parrots, owls, budgies

Used for sexing in budgies

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6
Q

Are the nares at the proximal or distal cere? Which species is the exception?

A

Proximal

Owls distal

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7
Q

What side of the body is the oesophagus one? What is this lateral to?

A

Right

Glottis

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8
Q

What is used for swabbing in the chicken? What is this?

A

Choanal slit

Opening that connects oral to nasal cavity

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9
Q

Do chickens have a pinna? What protects their ears?

A

No

Auricular feathers

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10
Q

How many chambers are in the chicken heart? How does their CO compare to mammals and why?

A

4

Higher CO - large amounts of blood pumped to head, wings and flight muscles

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11
Q

What is the HR and BP of a chicken? Do they have nucleated or non-nucleated red blood cells?

A

Both high
Up to 800bpm
BP = 180/140
Nucleated

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12
Q

Do chickens have a diaphragm? How does the thoracic cavity expand?

A

No
Expands via thoracic/abdominal muscles
(Lungs are fixed and don’t expand - but air sacs do)

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13
Q

What is the syrinx? What does it do?

A

Last few tracheal rings, first few bronchial rings and central tympanic membrane
Allows vocalisation

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14
Q

Where does air go when breathed through chicken nares?

A 
Rostral, middle and caudal conchae (turbinates - warms/filters)
Trachea
Trachea bifurcates
Primary/secondary bronchi 
Parabronchi 
Air capillaries (no alveoli)
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15
Q

How many air sacs do birds have? Where are they?

A 
9 
1 interclavicular 
2 cervical 
2 anterior thoracic
2 posterior thoracic
2 abdominal
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16
Q

What are air sacs? Where do some extend to?

A

Mucoserous extensions of secondary bronchi

Pneumatic bones

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17
Q

Do chickens have lymph nodes? Where are immune cells produced?

A

No lymph nodes

Immune cells produced in embryonic liver, yolk sac ad bone marrow

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18
Q

Where are B cells produced in birds? Where are T cells produced?

A

B - Bursa of fabricus (dorsal cloaca)

T - thymus

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19
Q

What is the primary lymphatic organ in birds? When does this take over B/T cell production?

A

Bone marrow

After thymus/bursa of fabrics have receded (rudimentary/absent in adults)

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20
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues in a chicken?

A 
GALT - gut
RALT - respiratory 
CALT - conjunctiva
Spleen 
Harderian gland
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21
Q

Describe the order of the bird GI tract

A 
Oesophagus
Crop
Proventriculus 
Ventriculus (gizzard)
SI 
Caeca and LI
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22
Q

What is the crop? Is it present in all birds?

A

Elastic muscular structure in oesophagus
Temporary food storage
Not all birds

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23
Q

How can the crop be used to help feed young? What do pigeons have that is significant?

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A

Fat filled epithelial cells - sloughed off and regurgitated to feed young
Pigeons have double sack that produces crop milk

24
Q

What is the proventriculus?

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A

Glandular stomach

Secretes digestive enzyms

25
What is the ventriculus? Which birds may it be reduced in? Why may it contain grit?
Muscular stomach Birds that have liquid diet or eat whole prey Avoid grinding
26
The SI of a bird is highly coiled, or short and simple in meat eaters. What is found at the junction between the jejunum and ileum? What is this?
Meckel's diverticulum | Remnant of yolk sac attachment
27
What are caeca? Which birds have large caeca?
Outpouches of GI | Galliformes (chickens, turkeys)
28
Where is the liver found in birds? Describe it
Caudal to heart (no diaphragm) Bilobed Right lobe larger
29
Do chickens have a gall bladder?
Yes
30
Where is the pancreas located in a bird? What does it produce?
Within the duodenal loop Exocrine - digestive enzymes Endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
31
How do seed eaters GI differ from fruit eaters GI? (birds)
Seed - well developed crop, proventriculus and ventriculus, long GI and distinct caeca Fruit - shorter intestines, less distinct caeca
32
Describe the GI of meat/fish eating birds
Rudimentary caeca and ventriculus | Well developed pancreas and proventriculus
33
What separates the coprodeum and urodeum?
Coprodeal fold
34
What is the site of haemotpoiesis in birds? Where is this?
Bursa of fabricus | Dorsal cloaca
35
How many lobes does each bird kidney have?
3 per kidney | Cranial middle caudal
36
Do chickens have a renal portal system? Do they have a bladder?
Yes | No bladder
37
What type of nephrons do chickens have (mammal or reptilian)?
Mix
38
Lots of water is lost through bird kidneys. How is it reuptaken?
Via colon
39
What is in bird urine?
Uric acid mixed with copious mucus
40
Where is uric acid produced and excreted?
Produced in the liver | Excreted in urine (white precipitate)
41
What are the parts to normal bird droppings?
Green part - faeces White part - urates Clear - urine
42
Where are the testes in a bird? When does spermatogenesis take place?
Abdominal cavity | During the night - lower body temperature
43
Do birds have an epididymis? Do they have accessory sex glands?
Short epididymis - little sperm storage | No accessory glands
44
Phallus is present in some birds. Which birds have an intromittent phallus? How do non-intromittent and birds with no phallus fertilise?
Intromittent - ducks, geese, ratites Non-intromittent - fertilise by touching Psittacines - no phallus, fertilise by everting cloaca containing papillae
45
Which ovary and oviduct is more functional in birds? Why? Where are ovaries located?
Left - functional Right not fully developed Cranial to kidneys
46
After laying, when do chickens next ovulate?
30 mins after laying | Continuous layers
47
Chickens are continuous layers. What may other birds be?
Indeterminate layers - produce clutches, can replace lost eggs
48
What is the female repro tract of a chicken?
``` Ovary Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus Vagina ```
49
Describe egg production and how long each takes?
Infundibulum - catches ovulated follicle, site of fertilisation (15 mins) Magnum - egg white/albumin develops around follicle (3 hrs) Isthmus - shell membrane produced (1 hr) Uterus/shell gland - calcification of shell (20 hrs) Vagina - adds cuticle and stones egg
50
What is crop impaction?
Failure of food to leave crop and enter proventriculus
51
What is sour crop?
Yeast infection of crop, causes thickening | Yeast infections often due to weak immune system
52
What is Macaw wasting disease?
Proventricular dilation | Due to weak muscle contractions and nerve damage
53
What is papillomatosis?
Viral infection affecting mouth/cloaca Looks like a prolapse Worstened by stress
54
What parasites affect birds?
Giardia spp Trichomonas spp Tapeworm (rare)
55
What is follicular stasis?
Inappropriate follicle maturation without ovulation
56
What is air sacculitis?
Inflammation of air sacs | Secondary to bacterial infection
57
What can fractures/trauma to pneumatic bones cause?
Subcutaneous emphysema

Exotics and random anatomy (23 decks)

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