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Exotic and Laboratory Animals > Birds Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Birds Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What class are birds in?

A

Avies

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2
Q

What order are birds classified in?

A

Psittaciformes

Passeriformes

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3
Q

What family are Birds in?

A

Psittacidae

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4
Q

Which birds are classified as Psittaciformes?

A 
Macaw
Cockatoo
Amazon
African Grey
Lovebird
Conure
Parakeet
Caique
Budgerigar
Lori
Lorikeet
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5
Q

What birds are classified as Columbiformes?

A

Dove

Pigeon

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6
Q

Which birds are classified as Galliformes?

A

Turkey
Chicken
Duck

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7
Q

Which birds are primarily used in biomedical research?

A

Galliformes

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8
Q

Birds are animal models for what studies?

A

Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Muscular Atrophy

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9
Q

Besides atherosclerosis, hypertension and muscular atrophy what other diseases are birds used as animal models for?

A 
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Human neural tube defects (chicken embryos)
Vaccine development
Variety of pharmacokinetic studies
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Psittacines like Parrots?

A

Hookbills (curved upper beak)

Zygodactyl feet

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11
Q

What does having Zygotactyl feet mean?

A

The 2nd and 3rd toes face forward

The 1st and 4th toes face backward

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Passerines?

A

Smaller
Pointed or slightly curved beaks
Ansiodactyl feet

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13
Q

What does it mean for a bird to have Anisodactyl feet?

A

Three toes forward

One tow backward

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14
Q

What is the largest and most extensive organ in birds?

A

The skin. It protects underlying structures and provides a barrier

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15
Q

What is the area around the nostrils called?

A

Cere

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16
Q

What glands do birds not have?

A

Sweat glands

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17
Q

How do birds dissipate heat?

A

Increase their respiratory rate and holding their wings away from the body

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18
Q

If a bird is open-mouth breathing and panting, what is that indicative of?

A

Hyperthermia

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19
Q

What is fluffed feathers indicative of?

A

Hypthermia

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20
Q

What gland is considered the preening gland and secretes sebaceous material, waterproofing the feathers?

A

Uropygial gland

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21
Q

In what birds is the Uropygial gland absent in?

A

Ostrich, Emu, Pigeons, Woodpeckers and Amazon parrots

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22
Q

Feather follicles cover specific tracts over the surface of the body called what?

A

Pterylae

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23
Q

The pterylae are separated by nonfeatherd areas called what?

A

Apteria

These tracts overlap to give the animal a full-feathered look

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24
Q

What are the different types of feathers?

A

Contour feathers
Coverts
Down feathers

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25
Q

What are the large primary flight feathers called?

A

Remiges

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26
Q

What type of feathers cover the body and wings and are identified as flight or body feathers?

A

Contour

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27
Q

Where are the remiges located?

A

On the outer end of wings

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28
Q

Where are the secondary flight feathers located?

A

On the wing between the body and primary flight feathers

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29
Q

What are the body feathers and provide surface coverage?

A

Coverts

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30
Q

Which feathers are soft, fluffy, and fluffy?

A

Down

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31
Q

What species of birds have powdered down feathers?

A

Cockatoos
Cockatiels
Aferican greys

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32
Q

What occurs in all species and new feathers replace old feathers?

A

Molting

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33
Q

What are blood feathers?

A

New, growing feathers have vascular supply until they reach full size
The shafts appear dark
Bleed profusely if broken

34
Q

The skeleton of a bird is highly modified and lighter because they contain air, what is this called?

A

Pneumatized bones

35
Q

Which bones of Pneumatized bones?

A 
Skull
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Sternum
Ribs 
Humerus
Femur
36
Q

Which bones are fragile and contain high levels of calcium?

A

Medullary bones

37
Q

Which bones are fused and strengthen beaks?

A

Skull bones

38
Q

What is the large sternum called that supports pectoral muscles needed for flight?

A

Keel

39
Q

A large portion of the caudal vertebrae is fused to form what?

A

Synsacrum

40
Q

What does the synsacrum do?

A

Stabilizes back during flight

41
Q

Which muscle group are the largest muscles in the bird and account for about 20% of the weight

A

Pectoral muscles

42
Q

What is used to determine body condition and for intramuscular injections?

A

Pectoral muscles

43
Q

What is the slit-like opening on the roof of the mouth called?

A

Choana

44
Q

What does the choana do?

A

It directs the air to the glottis and closes during swallowing

45
Q

What indicates malnutrition in birds?

A

If the papillae around the choana is blunted or absent

46
Q

Do birds have an epiglottis?

A

No. Their trachea has complete cartilaginous rings and so it can not expand

47
Q

Birds do not have a diaphragm so how does inspiration occur?

A

By extension of the intracostal joints in a bellowslike action into the caudal air sacs

48
Q

What is a triangular cavity allowing for the bellowslike action during breathing?

A

Coelom

49
Q

What are the thin-walled hollow spaces, lightly vascularized found throughout the body?

A

Air sacs

50
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

9

51
Q

Four paired air sacs are located where?

A

Cranial thoracic
Caudal thoracic
Cervical
Abdominal

52
Q

One unpaired air sac is located where?

A

Interclavicular

53
Q

Gas exchange does not take place in the air sacs. Where does it take place?

A

Two complete breathing cycles are required to move air completely through the respiratory system

54
Q

What determines diet and foraging strategies?

A

Beak formation

55
Q

In several species the esophagus expands in the interclavicular space to create what?

A

Crop

56
Q

The crop softens food and allows continuous passage to the true stomach or what?

A

Proventriculus

57
Q

What is thickly muscled, and grinds food into smaller particles?

A

Ventriculus or gizzard

58
Q

What is absent in parrots but is present in most other species?

A

Gallbladder

59
Q

What is the common terminal chamber of GI tract, urinary and reproductive systems?

A

Cloaca

60
Q

What is the cranial portion of the Cloaca and receives feces from the rectum?

A

Coprodeum

61
Q

What is the middle portion of the cloaca called, in which the ureters enter dorsolaterally on both sides?

A

Urodeum

62
Q

What is the caudal portion of cloaca called?

A

Proctodeum

63
Q

What is the external opening of the cloaca through which droppings pass called?

A

Vent

64
Q

What are the three components of normal bird droppings?

A

Liquid urine
Semisolid white or cream urates
Feces

65
Q

Do birds have a urinary bladder?

A

No

66
Q

What side of the reproductive tract fully develops in female birds?

A

The left side

67
Q

When does mating take place?

A

When the vents of the male and female come in contact

68
Q

What do the RBCs of birds look like?

A

Oval and nucleated

69
Q

What are the five special senses in birds?

A 
Sight
Hearing
Feel
Smell
Taste
70
Q

Which birds have round or relatively flat eyes?

A

Daytime hunters

71
Q

What do the eyes of nighttime hunters look like?

A

Tubular eyes

72
Q

Can birds perceive color?

A

Yes

73
Q

What is the highly vascular, ribbon like structure that provides environmental stabilization of the fluid within the eye called?

A

Pectin oculi

74
Q

Birds only have a single bone in the middle ear, compared to mammals who have three bones, what is it called?

A

Columella and it is connected to the inner ear

75
Q

What sense is poorly developed?

A

Taste

76
Q

What do birds do when they are happy and relaxed?

A

Wag tail back and forth

77
Q

What do birds do when they are comfortable and ready to fall asleep?

A

Grind beak

78
Q

What are safe toys to destroy?

A

Paper-based manufactured, homemade, natural wood toys embedded with nuts

79
Q

What behavior is not instinctual and may be developed behavior of captive birds?

A

Biting

80
Q

Large psittacines or macaws can exert up to how much pounds of pressure?

A

300 pounds

81
Q

Why should you not allow to sit on head or shoulders?

A

Because high perches = position of power. Keep cage and perch below eye level

Exotic and Laboratory Animals (22 decks)

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