birth final

Question 1

perinatal loss

Answer 1

Deinition: The non voluntary end of a pregnancy from
conception, during pregnancy, and up to 28 days of the
newborn’s life. Also includes infertility in the
preconception period.
∗ AKA pregnancy loss.
∗ Prevalence - is very common
∗ Early losses - up to 25% of all conceptions, usually in
the 1st trimester
∗ Late losss - 2-4% of pregnancies
∗ Rates of pregnancy loss have remained the same, but
stillbirth rates have declined

Question 2

Thromboembolic Condition

Answer 2

∗ Superficial venous thrombosis; deep
vein thrombosis; pulmonary embolism
∗ Major causes - venous stasis, injury
to the innermost layer of the vessels,
and hypercoagulation
∗ Risk factors - prolonged bedrest,
obesity, caesarian birth, diabetes,
smoking, increased progesterone
(distensibility of veins in legs),
advanced maternal age, multiparity,
varicose veins, use of oral
contraceptives

Question 3

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Answer 3

∗ Rare form of congestive heart failure
∗ The heart to become larger
(stretches) in the last month of
pregnancy or soon after birth,
weakening the heart muscle making
pumping blood more difficult.
∗ Unknown etiology
∗ Diagnosis - Cardiac failure in a
previously healthy woman in the
last month of pregnancy or within 5
months of delivery with evidence of
diminished left ventricular systolic
function and cardiac disease in
pregnant

Question 4

pelvic problems

Answer 4

∗ Pelvic problems -these structures
are exposed to stretching, pressure,
and trauma during labour and birth,
which may lead to complications

Question 5

Uterine alterations

Answer 5

∗ Uterine alterations
∗ Uterine displacement - in some
cases, uterus remains retroverted
following birth
∗ Uterine prolapse is more serious
concern

Question 6

cystocele

Answer 6

∗ Cystocele occurs when
the wall between the
bladder and vagina
weakens and the bladder
drops into the vagina

Question 7

rectocele

Answer 7

∗ Rectocele is a weakening
between the front wall of
the rectum and vagina,
resulting in rectum
ballooning into the vagina
during defecation

Question 8

infection post partum

Answer 8

Fever of greater than 38°C for 2 days or more (during first 10 days
after birth – excluding 1st 24 hours)
∗ Common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality
∗ Occurs in up to 8% of all births, greater risk withc-section
∗ Usually not identified until the woman has gone home, symptoms
include low grade fever, redness to site, low appetite / energy
∗ Aseptic wound management & hygiene very important

Question 9

types of PP infection

Answer 9

∗ Wound - includes those of perineum following vaginal birth and of abdomen
following cesarean birth
∗ Uterine
∗ Metritis – infection affecting the endometrium, decidua, myometrium
∗ Parametritis - uterine infection extends into the broad ligament
∗ Peritonitis - infection of peritoneum or ABD cavity; life-threatening
∗ Urinary track (UTI)
∗ Mastitis - inflammation of mammary glands due to milk stasis or bacterial
invasion of breast tissue

Question 10

PPH

Answer 10

∗ Excessive Hemorrhage: bleeding that
may cause or result in haemodynamic
instability if untreated
∗ ≥ 500 mls with vaginal birth
∗ > 1000mls - with caesarean delivery
Severe; woman may be compromised
∗ 18% of all births

Question 11

PPH causes four T’s

Answer 11

∗ 1. Tone (70%)
∗ 2. Trauma (20%)
∗ 3. Tissue (10%)
∗ 4. Thrombin (<1%)

Question 12

Uterine atony and causes

Answer 12

-Overdistention
∗ Prolonged labor
∗ Grandmultipara
∗ Preeclampsia & MgSO4
∗ Overuse of Oxytocin
∗ Infection
∗ Subinvolution

uterus going back up and not down

Question 13

trauma

Answer 13

LACERATIONS: Cervical & Vaginal
∗ Precipitous Delivery
∗ Instrument Delivery
∗Repair
∗Hematomas
∗Inversion
∗Uterine Rupture
∗Manual Removal of Placenta

Question 14

uterine inversion

Answer 14

• Classified by degree— incomplete inversion, complete
  inversion, prolapsed inversion, total inversion
• Nursing assessment: nonpalpable fundus, profuse bleeding,
  obvious alterations in abdominal examination
• Potential nursing diagnoses: deficient fluid volume; ineffective
  tissue perfusion
• Planning/intervention: administer prescribed oxytocin agents
  for uterine contraction ; For repositioning, administer
  prescribed medications: magnesium sulfate, terbutaline to
  facilitate myometrial relaxation; prepare for surgery if needed
• Evaluation: monitor effect of hypovolemia as well as anemia

Question 15

hematoma

Answer 15

• Uterine localized collection of blood results from bleeding into connective
  tissue beneath vaginal mucosa as consequence of tissue injury or trauma
• Nursing assessment: hematomas present as tense fluctuant masses;
  characteristic signs are severe, localized pain inconsistent with that expected
  following childbirth
• Potential nursing diagnoses: pain; risk for injury; risk for impaired urinary
  elimination
• Planning/intervention: priority goal is prevention of hematoma; cessation of
  bleeding; drainage of blood mass; ice application; incision; evacuation
• Evaluation: effective interventions resolve the bleeding

Question 16

Thrombin

Answer 16

∗ Refers to coagulopathies and vascular abnormalities that increase the risk of
PPH
∗ Coagulopathies: These can be present before pregnancy, such as von
Willebrand disease or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, or acquired during
pregnancy and labor, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
∗ Vascular abnormalities: These include placental abruption, hypertension, and
pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, retained stillbirrh

Question 17

THROMBIN

Answer 17

∗ Refers to coagulopathies and vascular abnormalities that increase the risk of
PPH
∗ Coagulopathies: These can be present before pregnancy, such as von
Willebrand disease or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, or acquired during
pregnancy and labor, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
∗ Vascular abnormalities: These include placental abruption, hypertension, and
pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, retained stillbirrh

Question 18

Nursing care PPH

Answer 18

Nursing assessment: quantify amount of blood loss; palpate uterine fundus; monitor vital signs; check for
symptoms of hypofibrinogenemia
∗ WBC count used to assess for infection; hemoglobin and hematocrit indicate amount of blood loss
∗ Potential nursing diagnoses: ineffective tissue perfusion; deficient fluid volume; risk for injury; fear related to
excessive blood loss
∗ Planning/intervention: following birth massage the uterus until it becomes firm, but avoid excessive uterine
massage; weigh/quantify blood loss; provide sense of safety and well-being; help her deal with separation from
newborn; ongoing monitoring of vital signs , bimanual compression; surgical options
∗ Evaluation: outcomes include a firm fundus and decreased uterine bleeding; monitor for developing signs of
hypovolemic shock; evaluate hematocrit and hemoglobin for signs of anemia and treat with dietary counselling
and iron supplementation

Question 19

Bakri balloon

Answer 19

A silicone balloon connected to a catheter that’s inserted into the uterus to reduce bleeding

Question 20

B-Lynch

Answer 20

A B-Lynch suture is a surgical procedure that uses a compression suture to treat severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). The procedure can stop heavy bleeding without the need for pelvic surgery and may preserve fertility.

Question 21

partial hysterectomy

Answer 21

upper portion of uterus gone. cervix left intact

Question 22

total hysterectomy

Answer 22

entire uterus and cervix removed

Question 23

radical

Answer 23

Entire uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and both ovaries removed

Question 24

prevention of PPH

Answer 24

∗ Active Management in the 3rd Stage of Labor
∗ Routine use of uterotonics (as appropriate)
∗Routine policy
∗ Per physician
∗ Controlled cord traction
∗ Uterine Massage after delivery of placenta

Question 25

impact of PPH

Answer 25

Maternal mortality the first week after giving birth: ∗ Common causes - severe PPH, severe HTN & infection (sepsis) ∗ Globally, PPH accounts for 20% of maternal mortality in lowmiddle income countries ∗ Re-hospitalizations occur in the first 8 weeks ∗ 50% of the time, more likely in high risk pregnancies ∗ Common causes - chronic HTN and diabetes complications, infection (mild - severe; eg mastitis to sepsis)

Question 26

LABOR DYSTOCIA

Answer 26

> than 4 hours of active labor with less than 0.5cm of dilation/hour ● Or ● >1 hour of active pushing with no descent of presenting part ● “Failure to Progress” ● Can develop at any stage of labor ● Accounts for 10% of all c/s

Question 27

labour dystocia protraction disorder

Answer 27

Protraction Disorder ● Delayed cervical dilation ● Slowed descent of head

Question 28

labour dystocia arrest disorders

Answer 28

Arrest Disorders ● Active phase ● Secondary arrest of cervical dilation ● Arrest of the descent of the fetal head ● Failure of the descent of the fetal head

Question 29

labour dystocia RF

Answer 29

Overweight ● Short Stature ● AMA ● Infertility difficulties ● Prior EVC ● Uterine abnormalities ● Malpresenation ● CPD ● Maternal fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance ● Inappropriate use/timing of analgesic

Question 30

Hypertonic Uterine Contractions

Answer 30

Normal contractions: start at superior part of uterus and move towards the cervix ● Midsection contracts with more force than the fundus OR ● Contraction is not synchronized

Question 31

hypotonic uterine contractions

Answer 31

HYPOTONIC UTERINE CONTRACTIONS ● No basal tone ● Insufficient intensity ● Fails to dilate the cervix ● May be due to: ○ Uterine over distention ○ Fetal malposition

Question 32

problems with passage

Answer 32

● Pelvic contractures ● Soft tissue abnormalities

Question 33

problems with passenger

Answer 33

Anomalies ● CPD ● Malposition ● Malpresenation

Question 34

labour dystocia and other probs

Answer 34

Maternal Position ○ Importance of nursing management ○ Consider possible issue for dystocia & troubleshoot ● Psychological Responses ○ Relationship of stress and neurotransmitters ○ Pain ○ Lack of support ○ Confinement ○ Anxiety

Question 35

problems with the powers

Answer 35

Inadequate Voluntary Expulsive Forces ● Lack of “urge to push” ● May be due to analgesia ( no pain) ○ What else may contribute to this? ● May lead to operative vaginal delivery

Question 36

precipitous labour

Answer 36

Precipitous Labor ○ <3 hours ○ Perineal tissue ○ Rapid fetal descent ● Complications: ○ Location ○ Laceration ○ Hemorrhage ○ Newborn bruising…

Question 37

problems with passenger dependent on ....

Answer 37

Dependent on: 1. Multiples? 2. Gestational Age 3. Fetal Presentation 2. Fetal Position

Question 38

multiples and types

Answer 38

◦ Gestation with 2 or more fetuses ◦ Incidence in Canada is increasing ◦ 2 types of twins: ◆monozygotic-single fertilized ovum splits during the first 2 weeks after conception ◆Dizygotic- two sperm fertilizing two ova ◆Triplets can be monozygotic, dizygotic, or trizygotic

Question 39

prego person should gain

Answer 39

* Between 9.1-13.6 Kg by 20 weeks * Approx. 0.68 Kg/week

Question 40

post dates

Answer 40

42 wks gestation ●Risk factors: ○ 1st pregnancy ○ Prior post-term pregnancy ○ Male fetus ○ Maternal obesity ○ Genetic predisposition

Question 41

post date morbidity

Answer 41

Labour dystocia ● Severe perineal injuries ● Chorioamnionitis ● Endomyometritis ● PPH ● C-section ● Psychological reactions: anxiety ● Abnormal fetal growth: macrosomia

Question 42

Oligohydramnios

Answer 42

Oligohydramnios serious condition that occurs when there is too little amniotic fluid around a developing fetus during pregnancy ○ potential for cord compression resulting in abnormal FHR patterns and subsequent Caesarean birth

Question 43

post mature babes have risks for ...

Answer 43

●Postmature infants may have decreased subcutaneous fat and lack vernix and lanugo ●Increased risk of stillbirth - increased risk of meconium stained AF -Oligohydramnios ( LOW AF)

Question 44

assessment and interventions for post date

Answer 44

● daily fetal movement counts ● Non-Stress Test (NST) ● Amniotic Fluid Volume assessments ● contraction stress tests ● Biophysical Profile ● Doppler flow measurements ● Induction of labour

Question 45

Occiputposterior Postioning

Answer 45

Occiputposterior Postioning (OP) ● Occiput towards mother’s spine ● Associated with prolonged 2nd stage ● Must rotate 135 degrees ○ ROP!ROT!ROA!OA ● Back pain ● At risk for 3rd or 4th perineal laceration or need for episiotomy

Question 46

when is breech vag delivery ok

Answer 46

A vaginal breech birth may be an option if the following conditions are met: The baby is in a full-term pregnancy (37–40 weeks) The baby is in a complete or frank breech position, which means the baby is positioned bottom down The baby is a normal size The baby is healthy and doesn't show signs of distress The mother is healthy and has not previously had a C-section The mother's pelvis is large enough for the baby to pass through safely The mother's labor starts naturally and progresses smoothly A health care provider with expertise in breech delivery is available The hospital offers vaginal breech birth and has a written protocol for management 3-4 of all births (percent)

Question 47

ECV: External Cephalic Version

Answer 47

turning breech babe. safe around 36-37 weeks

Question 48

shoulder dystention

Answer 48

Impaction of the anterior shoulder above the symphysis pubis ● 1-2/1000 deliveries ● 16/1000 deliveries in infants >4000 grams ● Turtle Sign” – Fetal head appears to retract against the perineum ● 50% unexpected ● Consider risk in prenatal and laboring periods

Question 49

shoulder distention acronym

Answer 49

Shoulder Dystocia A – Ask for Help L – Lift/Hyperflex Leg A – Anterior Shoulder Disimpaction R – Rotate Posterior Shoulder M – Manual Removal of Posterior Arm E – Episiotomy R – Roll on to all 4s

Question 50

asphyxia

Answer 50

Asphyxia ● Approx 5 minutes of decreased O2 levels in an uncompromised fetus before pH levels start to drop ● 7-10 minutes associated with asphyxia ● Cord pH declines at a rate of 0.04 U/min after delivery of fetal head ● Trauma to the brachial plexus ● Phrenic nerve injuries ● Fracture of humerus or clavicle ● Brachial plexus injury (Erb’s palsy) ; if recognized early and treated properly 80- 90% heal

Question 51

cord relapse

Answer 51

portion of the umbilical cord falls between the presenting part and maternal tissues * Signs and symptoms: * Abnormal FHR * Cord presenting part on exam * Risk factors * presenting part does not fit snugly into the lower uterine segment (polyhydramnios) * when the membranes rupture, a sudden gush of amniotic fluid may cause the cord to be displaced downward * may prolapse during amniotomy if the presenting part is high * small or preterm fetus may not fit snugly into the lower uterine segment * Nursing Actions * Hold presenting part off the cord manually * Position pt * Prepare for emergent de

Question 52

overt cord relapse

Answer 52

cord before babies head

Question 53

occult cord relapse

Answer 53

cord along side baby, may not see it coming

Question 54

Chorioamnionitis

Answer 54

Infection of the placenta and membranes ● Affects up to 10% of labouring women ● Signs - fever, uterine fundal tenderness, maternal tachycardia, fetal tachycardia and purulent or foul amniotic fluid ● Risks to mom - endometritis, cesarean birth, and postpartum hemorrhage ● Neonate risks - sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory distress, and death

Question 55

Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE)

Answer 55

One of the catastrophic complications of pregnancy in which amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enters into the maternal pulmonary circulation, causing cardiovascular collapse ● Can occur in labor, birth or immediately after Maternal Mortality rate: 61% or higher ● Fetal Mortality rate: poor ● Acute onset - occurs during labour, during birth, or within 30 minutes after birth ● Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ● C-section: Intrapartum or perimortem ● ICU care

Question 56

cephalopelvic

Answer 56

Cephalopelvic Disproportion ● Fetus is larger than pelvic diameters ● Factors - Size of baby , Type of pelvis ● Results in “failure to progress” in labour

Question 57

operative vagina birth

Answer 57

● Breech, shoulder, face or brow presentation ● Unengaged vertex ● Not fully dilated ● CPD ● Premature

Question 58

types of forcep application

Answer 58

Types of Forcep Applications: 1. Outlet: Fetal head is at or on the perineum, scalp is visible at the vaginal opening without separating the labia. 2. Low: Leading edge of the fetal skull is at +2 station or lower, but not at the pelvic floor. 3. Mid: The leading edge of the fetal skull is between station 0 and +2

Question 59

RF vacumm assisted vag delivery

Answer 59

Risk Factors of Vacuum Assisted Vaginal Delivery: ● Caput ● Cephalohematoma ● Scalp Lacerations ● Subdural Hematoma ● Subgaleal Hemorrhage ● Perineal, vaginal, cervical lacerations ● Vaginal Hematoma

Question 60

c section facts

Answer 60

Incidence is rising ○ 1993: 17.6% ○ 2015: 27.5% ● WHO : 10-15% acceptable ○ At a population level; CS rates higher than 10% not associated with reduction in maternal or newborn mortality rates ● Appropriate collaborative management of labor is paramount to reducing the number of “unnecessary” c-sections.

Question 61

TOLAC

Answer 61

TOLAC stands for Trial of Labor After Cesarean, which is a planned attempt to deliver vaginally after a previous C-section. The outcome of a TOLAC can be a vaginal birth after C-section (VBAC) or a repeat C-section

Question 62

NO WHAT IN TOLAC

Answer 62

PROSTAGLANDIN E2

Question 63

induction

Answer 63

* Induction is the chemical or mechanical initiation of uterine contractions before their spontaneous onset for the purpose of bringing about the birth

Question 64

Augmentation

Answer 64

Augmentation is the stimulation of uterine contractions after labour has started spontaneously but progress is unsatisfactory

Question 65

cervical rippening

Answer 65

Cervical Ripening: interventions used to soften, efface & dilate the cervix

Question 66

bishops score

Answer 66

Bishop’s Score * Important variable in determining the type of induction suitable for each patient * Poor score associated with failure/prolonged induction, c-section and increased maternal/fetal morbidity/mortality

Question 67

reasons to induce

Answer 67

Reasons to induce…. * Postdates (413+) * PROM * Maternal morbidity * Fetal distress * Fetal size - IUGR, LGA * IUFD

Question 68

reasons not to induce

Answer 68

Inducing labor can have risks, including: Failed induction: Induction might not work, and a C-section might be needed. Infection: Rupturing the membranes can increase the risk of infection for the mother and baby. Uterine rupture: This is a rare but serious complication that requires an emergency C-section. Bleeding after delivery: The uterine muscles might not contract properly after birth, which can lead to excessive bleeding. Postpartum hemorrhage: Induced labor can result in more postpartum hemorrhage than spontaneous labor. Longer hospital stay: Induced labor can result in a longer hospital stay and more hospital readmissions. Baby's position If the baby is in a breech or sideways position, inducing labor might not be recommended. Age The NICE guidelines do not recommend inducing labor for women and birthing people aged 40 or over.

Question 69

types of inductions

Answer 69

* Mechanical * At home methods * Stripping Membranes * Cervical Ripening Balloon * AROM * Pharmacological * Other methods

Question 70

bishops scores greater than 6

Answer 70

Bishops scores >6 * AROM * Oxytocin

Question 71

membrane sweep

Answer 71

A membrane sweep, also known as membrane stripping or a stretch and sweep, is a procedure that separates the amniotic sac from the cervix to induce labor. It's usually performed by a doctor or midwife after the estimated due date.

Question 72

Cervical Ripening Balloon

Answer 72

The balloon rubs against and stretches the neck of the womb (cervix) to produce a hormone called prostaglandin. The prostaglandin causes the cervix to become shorter and soften (ripening). This prepares the cervix for labour and allows your midwife or doctor to break your waters.

Question 73

Induction - Pharmacological

Answer 73

* Cervidil * Prostaglandin E2 10mg PV * Slow Release * Benefits * Simple administration * Easy to remove (Fetal distress, tachysystole) * Easy Monitoring * Hospital Pass * Helps to ripen cervix

Question 74

arom

Answer 74

hook to rupture membranes

Question 75

Oxytocin/Syntocinon/Pitocin

Answer 75

Oxytocin/Syntocinon/Pitocin * Given IV according to protocol * 30 units/500ml NS hung as secondary line * Used for induction & augmentation of labor * Half-life 5-12 minutes; Steady state plasma concentration 40 min * Chemically similar to ADH * Released by the posterior pituitary gland * Promotes smooth muscle contraction of myometrial cells of the uterus and myoepithlial cells of the alveoli of breasts = ejection of milk * Uterine response to oxytocin dependent on estrogen - why?

Question 76

NC oxytocin

Answer 76

Nursing Considerations * Labor started using synthetic oxytocin may “skip” early labor phase * What implications would this have on the progression of labor? * Transfer of Medical Function/RN Specialty Practice * Nurse and Dr. work together to care for dyad * Must obtain order to go over 20mu/minProcedure - NST, Administration/Titration, Education, Monitoring of maternal BP and contractions, Fetal monitoring - continuous EFM * Low dose tritration - Start at 1 mu/min & increase by max 2mu/min q 30min * The physiologic/usual dose to produce regular contractions and adequate labour is 8 to 12mu/min for both dose protocols. * Increased risk of PPH d/t uterine fatigue

Question 77

dystocia

Answer 77

Dystocia * > than 4 hours of <0.5 cm per hour cervical dilatation in active labour. * > than 1 hour of active pushing with no descent of the presenting part in the active second age

Question 78

partograph

Answer 78

used to track progress of labour

Question 79

management of dystocia

Answer 79

Management of Dystocia * Stage 1 - amniotomy, oxytocin augmentation, rest if woman is exhausted, c/s * Stage 2 - upright position, only push if feel the urge to do so, if no urge after 1 hour consider oxytocin administration, c/s

Question 80

ballard score

Answer 80

The new Ballard score is commonly used to determine gestational age. The scoring relies on the intrauterine changes that the fetus undergoes during its maturation. Here’s how it works: * Scores are given for 6 physical and 6 nerve and muscle development (neuromuscular) signs of maturity. Generally, external physical features reect maturational skin changes while nerve and muscle features reect maturation of the central nervous system.The scores for each may range from -1 to 5. * The scores are added together to determine the baby’s gestational age. The total score may range from -10 to 50. * Premature babies have low scores. Babies born late have high scores

Question 81

ballard score physical

Answer 81

How is physical maturity assessed? The physical assessment includes an exam of the following physical characteristics: * Skin texture. Skin may be sticky, smooth, or peeling. * Lanugo. This is the soft downy hair on a baby's body. It's absent in premature babies. It's present in full-term babies, but not in babies born late. * Plantar creases. These are the creases on the soles of the feet. They range from absent to covering the entire foot. * Breast. The thickness and size of the breast tissue and the areola (the darkened area around each nipple) are assessed. * Eyes and ears. Eyelids are checked to see if they are open or fused shut (more likely in a premature baby). The amount of cartilage and stiffness of the ear tissue are also noted. * Male genitals. The presence of testes and the look of the scrotum, from smooth to wrinkled, is veried. * Female genitals. The appearance and size of the clitoris and the labia are noted

Question 82

ballard score neuromuscular

Answer 82

How is neuromuscular maturity assessed? The neuromuscular assessment includes an exam of the following: * Posture. How the baby holds his or her arms and legs. * Square window. How far the baby's hands can be exed toward the wrist. * Arm recoil. How well the baby's arms spring back to a exed position. * Popliteal angle. How well the baby's knees bend and straighten. * Scarf sign. How far the elbows can be moved across the baby's chest. * Heel to ear. How close the baby's feet can be moved to the ears.

Question 83

NAS

Answer 83

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a set of issues that can occur in babies born to mothers who used drugs or medicine during pregnancy

Question 84

NAS ss and treatment

Answer 84

Symptoms NAS symptoms include excessive crying, poor feeding, irritability, fever, and blotchy skin. Other symptoms include diarrhea, rapid breathing, and hyperactive reflexes. Symptoms can start within 1–3 days after birth, but may take up to a week. Treatment Babies with NAS may need to stay in the hospital for observation and monitoring. Treatments include: Comforting: Skin-to-skin contact, swaddling, rocking, and playing soothing music can help comfort a baby with NAS. Feeding: Babies with NAS may need extra calories added to their feedings. Medications: Babies may need medication to treat withdrawal symptoms and prevent complications.

Question 85

preterm infant

Answer 85

The preterm infant is born at a gestational age of less than 37 completed weeks of gestation.

Question 86

baby alveoli development completion

Answer 86

Primitive alveoli develop at 24 to 28 weeks gestation; surfactant begins to be produced within the alveoli cells at 28 to 32 weeks, reaching a peak at 35 weeks

Question 87

when are lungs mature babes

Answer 87

Fetal lungs are considered to be mature at 37 weeks gestation

Question 88

RR premies

Answer 88

less than 30 - greater than 70

Question 89

hellp

Answer 89

HELLP syndrome is a complication of pregnancy; the acronym stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It usually begins during the last three months of pregnancy or shortly after childbirth