Block 1

Question 1

individual, highly specialized cells in the brain

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

functional space in which neurons communicate

Answer 2

synapse

Question 3

cell body

Answer 3

soma

Question 4

cellular fibers emerging from the soma

Answer 4

neurites

Question 5

receive messages from other cell; many exist in the cell

Answer 5

dendrites

Question 6

pass messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands; only one in cell

Answer 6

axons

Question 7

contain synaptic vesicles

Answer 7

pre-synaptic terminals

Question 8

contain neurochemical signals essential for neuron function (neurotransmitters)

Answer 8

synaptic vesicles

Question 9

specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the next neuron that bind neurotransmitters

Answer 9

neurotransmitter receptors

Question 10

specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the presynaptic terminal that bind and transport the neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic terminal for breakdown or reuse

Answer 10

re-uptake pumps

Question 11

interneuron; single cell body with 2 neurites

Answer 11

bipolar neurons

Question 12

sensory neuron; single cell body with 1 neurite

Answer 12

unipolar neuron

Question 13

motoneuron; one single axon up to 3 feet long

Answer 13

multipolar neuron

Question 14

explains neuronal function; information flows from dendrite to soma to axon via axodendritic connections (synapses); however cells receive information in the soma, axon, and terminals as well so the theory had to be revised

Answer 14

Law of Dynamic Polarization: First Theory

Question 15

information always flows from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell with regard to a specific synapse

Answer 15

Law of Dynamic Polarization: Revised

Question 16

bring information into the CNS from the body

Answer 16

sensory neurons

Question 17

transmit information out of the CNS to muscles

Answer 17

motor neurons

Question 18

lie between sensory and motor neurons; can be pre or post synaptic dependent on synapse in question

Answer 18

interneurons

Question 19

molecules that have an electric charge (e-charge)

Answer 19

polar molecules

Question 20

opposite charges…

Answer 20

attract

Question 21

like charges…

Answer 21

repel

Question 22

molecules that have no poles and lack e-charge; CANNOT interact with polar molecules like water (major problem in cell function)

Answer 22

nonpolar molecules

Question 23

carbon, hydrogen, grease, oil, and fats are… (regarding charge)

Answer 23

nonpolar

Question 24

when nonpolar molecules acquire a phosplate group; phosphate head attaches to lipid hydrocarbon tail; confest water solubility to normally insoluble fat

Answer 24

phospholipids

Question 25

polar heads interact with water, so they are...

Answer 25

hydrophilic

Question 26

nonpolar tails cannot interact with water, so they are...

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (major component of nerve cell membranes)

Answer 27

amphipathic (phospholipids)

Question 28

hydrophobic inside (effective barrier to charged particles trying to enter the cell) and hydrophilic outside

Answer 28

lipid bilayer

Question 29

communication could not exist if ____ didn't exist in the membrane

Answer 29

proteins

Question 30

fluid mosaic

Answer 30

proteins form hydrophilic channels and pumps that float in the membrane

Question 31

regions of DNA that code for proteins

Answer 31

genes

Question 32

genetic sequence that exists in the nucleus of a cell; acts as a template for RNA

Answer 32

DNA

Question 33

single stranded copy of DNA molecule with slightly different sugar; genetic intermediary

Answer 33

RNA

Question 34

production of an RNA copy of the DNA gene in the nucleus; mRNA codes for specific amino acid sequence and exits to the cytoplasm of cells (allows DNA to go into cell body)

Answer 34

transcription

Question 35

proteins are sequences of ___

Answer 35

amino acids; 20 essential amino acids

Question 36

some amino acids function as ___

Answer 36

neurotransmitters

Question 37

glutamate, aspartate effect

Answer 37

neuronal excitation

Question 38

glycine effect

Answer 38

neuronal inhibition

Question 39

assembly of amino acids in a specific sequence encoded for by the mRNA - essentially reads mRNA sequence and inserts amino acids in a particular order

Answer 39

translation

Question 40

very small proteins released from the nerve cell; act as neurochemical signals between neurons like neurotransmitters (except PHs are proteins, not chemicals like NTs)

Answer 40

peptide hormones

Question 41

proteins bound to the cell membrane; bind to neurochemical signals released from nerve cells; convey signals between neurons

Answer 41

neurotransmitter transporters and receptors

Question 42

proteins bound to the cell membrane; bind and transport charged salts (sodium, potassium) across cell membranes; establish and maintain electrical signal potential within cells

Answer 42

neurotransmitter channels and pumps

Question 43

(actin, tubulin, elastin) determine nerve cell shape and movement; make up cytoskeleton and cellular architecture

Answer 43

structural proteins

Question 44

protein catalyst that causes chemical reactions to create products from building blocks; can produce new things or break things down

Answer 44

enzyme

Question 45

transport of new proteins to distant locations in the neurites

Answer 45

axoplasmic transport

Question 46

brings proteins away from cell body (to neurites)

Answer 46

orthograde/anterograde transport

Question 47

brings proteins towards the cell body (from neurites)

Answer 47

retrograde transport

Question 48

structural proteins that move proteins

Answer 48

microtubules and neurofilaments

Question 49

anterograde transport motor protein (AWAY)

Answer 49

kinesin

Question 50

retrograde transport motor proteins (TOWARDS)

Answer 50

dynein-dynactin

Question 51

fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane; the synaptic vesicle dumps hormonal signals or neurotransmitters into the extracellular space; process of secretion

Answer 51

exocytosis

Question 52

a piece of the membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle

Answer 52

endocytosis

Question 53

neurons send out neuritic processes; exocytosis > endocytosis; axons from one neuron connect with another neuron to form synapses

Answer 53

neuronal growth

Question 54

axons withdraw; exocytosis < endocytosis

Answer 54

neuronal pruning

Question 55

stable associations between neurons; endocytosis = exocytosis

Answer 55

mature synapse

Question 56

proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between synaptic partners; put out to attract other growing cells; can attract all, but can only connect with a cell that is the same (ex. two 5HT cells)

Answer 56

chemical signals (trophic factors)

Question 57

tip of a growing neuronal axon

Answer 57

growth cone

Question 58

"finger feet" sent out by the neuronal axon to contact another cell

Answer 58

filopodia

Question 59

What does a cell do as it is deciding whether or not to develop signal?

Answer 59

withdrawal and approach cycles of growth

Question 60

presynaptic cell increases trophic influence (less neurotransmitters); postsynaptic cell decreases receptor number

Answer 60

receptor down-regulation

Question 61

presynaptic cell decreases trophic influence (more neurotransmitters); postsynaptic cell increases receptor number

Answer 61

receptor up-regulation

Question 62

reduction in the sensitivity of postsynaptic cell; postsynaptic cell is overwhelmed by amount of neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell; decreases number of receptors and becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitter presence

Answer 62

desensitization

Question 63

presynaptic cell decreases trophic influence; starves postsynaptic cell; postsynaptic increase receprots becomes supersensitive to any of the remaining neurotransmitter around the cell

Answer 63

denervation supersensitivity

Question 64

synapse on the soma (cell body)

Answer 64

axosomatic synapse

Question 65

synapse on an axon

Answer 65

axoaxonic synapse

Question 66

synapse on a terminal

Answer 66

axosynaptic synapse

Question 67

associated with a single neuronal axon; when an axon is severed, forms a guidance tube to guide regenerating end of the axon to target end to help it heal and regenerate

Answer 67

Schwann cells

Question 68

Schwann cells are located in the __

Answer 68

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 69

oligodendrocytes are located in the __

Answer 69

central nervous system (CNS)

Question 70

each supports several axons, when axon is damaged, the __ fails to respond so damage is permanent

Answer 70

oligodendrocyte