Block 8/9

Question 1

produces genetically identical offspring; evolve slowly and adapt poorly to environmental challenge

Answer 1

asexual reproduction

Question 2

produces offspring with reconstituted genomes, evolve quicker and adapt better to environmental change

Answer 2

sexual reproduction

Question 3

contained in chromosomes

Answer 3

DNA (genetic code)

Question 4

cells with 2 copies of each chromosome

Answer 4

diploid

Question 5

cells with 1 copy of each chromosome

Answer 5

haploid

Question 6

somatic cells of sexually reproducing organisms are (diploid/haploid)

Answer 6

diploid

Question 7

gamete cells (reproductive cells) are (diploid/haploid)

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

2 haploid gametes combine to create a…

Answer 8

zygote

Question 9

zygote is (diploid/haploid)

Answer 9

diploid

Question 10

sexual reproduction requires __ (male and female of the same species)

Answer 10

gender

Question 11

__ are required to produce gender

Answer 11

hormones

Question 12

communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is restricted by the highly ___ ____

Answer 12

hydrophobic Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 13

communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds

Answer 13

hydrophobic

Question 14

steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

Answer 14

hydrophobic

Question 15

communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body (is/is not) restricted by the blood brain barrier

Answer 15

is not

Question 16

communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body can be mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds

Answer 16

hydrophilic

Question 17

peptide hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

Answer 17

hydrophilic

Question 18

all peptides are produced originally as parts of larger proteins, known as __

Answer 18

precursor proteins

Question 19

peptides are freed by precursor proteins by the process of __; allows the cell to have multiple responses to stress

Answer 19

proteolysis

Question 20

a portal system through which the brain interacts chemically with the body

Answer 20

pituitary gland

Question 21

neurons in the hypothalamus release their peptide hormones directly into the blood supply via the ___

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

peptide hormone involved in water retention

Answer 22

vasopressin

Question 23

peptide hormone that controls uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown from breasts

Answer 23

oxytocin

Question 24

the synthesis and release of peptide hormones occurs from cells located in the __; these cells are called __

Answer 24

anterior pituitary; pituicytes

Question 25

synthesis/release of hormones from the pituicytes are controlled by neurons located in the __

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

synthesize POMC and thus secrete ACTH into the blood supply

Answer 26

corticotrophs

Question 27

release of corticotrophs from the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by ____ cells in the hypothalamus

Answer 27

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 28

synthesize and secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) into the blood supply

Answer 28

gonadotrophs

Question 29

release of gonadotrophs from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by __ cells located in the hypothalamus

Answer 29

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 30

feedback from the endocrine structures results in __

Answer 30

body homeostasis

Question 31

in __ feedback, the product acts to inhibit the release of the hormone

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

steroid hormones can have __ effects which are slow acting and activate genes

Answer 32

genomic

Question 33

steroid hormones can have __ effects which are fast acting and activate second messengers, similarly to neurotransmitters

Answer 33

non-genomic

Question 34

What is the organizational effect of steroid hormones?

Answer 34

the physical differences between genders

Question 35

What is the activational effect of steroid hormones?

Answer 35

produces gametes and permits the expression of sexual physiology

Question 36

__ is the building block for all steroid hormones

Answer 36

cholesterol

Question 37

__ and __ are the steroid hormones responsible for female reproduction

Answer 37

progesterone and estradiol (estrogen)

Question 38

__ is responsible for the organizational and activational role in male reproduction

Answer 38

testosterone

Question 39

male and female stress hormone

Answer 39

cortisol

Question 40

testosterone can be converted into estrogen via __

Answer 40

aromatase

Question 41

testosterone can be converted to di-hydrotestosterone by __, which adds hydrogens

Answer 41

5a-reductase

Question 42

it is not the presence of a steroid but the __ that determine gender

Answer 42

quantities

Question 43

Where is testosterone made in females?

Answer 43

adrenal gland

Question 44

steroid responsiveness is determined by __

Answer 44

presence/concentration of receptor

Question 45

primary sexual characteristics

Answer 45

genotype (XX or XY)

Question 46

signals for the formation of testes instead of ovaries, sensitive to testosterone

Answer 46

testes determination factor (TDF)

Question 47

mammalian development initially follows a (male/female) program of development

Answer 47

female

Question 48

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 48

phenotype (what you look like)

Question 49

__ is determined by presence or absence of estrogen/testosterone activity

Answer 49

phenotype

Question 50

XY genotype but unresponsive to androgen due to receptor mutation, so they develop as the default phenotype

Answer 50

testicular feminization syndrome (TFM)

Question 51

testosterone levels __ from puberty to 20, then __ after age 60

Answer 51

increase, decrease

Question 52

in mammals, the majority of factors that determine whether sex behavior will lead to conception is under the control of __

Answer 52

females

Question 53

first theory of female sex behavior; females are passive and accepting of male sexual activity

Answer 53

receptivity

Question 54

second theory of female sex behavior; females are discriminate, and only accept advances from dominant males

Answer 54

selectivity

Question 55

third theory of female sex behavior; females are aggressive and actively seek sexual contact even in the presence of negative/punishing influence

Answer 55

proceptivity