Block 5 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
__ fibers convey information towards the CNS
A
sensory
2
Q
__ fibers convey information from the CNS
A
motor
3
Q
Sensory and motor function are __ in the nervous system
A
separated
4
Q
afferent fibers are __
A
sensory
5
Q
efferent fibers are __
A
motor
6
Q
axes of orientation; spatial reasoning to determine structure position; used in both brain and body
A
system orientation
7
Q
towards the tip of the head
A
rostral
8
Q
towards the tip of the tail
A
caudal
9
Q
upper surface of the body
A
dorsal
10
Q
bottom surface of the body
A
ventral
11
Q
close to the midline
A
medial
12
Q
farther from the midline
A
lateral
13
Q
close
A
proximal
14
Q
far
A
distal
15
Q
in humans, __ is used in place of rostral
A
anterior
16
Q
in humans, __ is used in place of caudal
A
posterior
17
Q
How many pairs of nerves branch off from the spinal cord?
A
31
18
Q
each nerve is split into __ and __ roots
A
dorsal, ventral
19
Q
dorsal roots are ___
A
sensory
20
Q
ventral roots are __
A
motor
21
Q
DRG: cell bodies for all __ neurons entering the spinal cord
A
sensory
22
Q
DRG cell bodies lie ___ the CNS and __ the PNS
A
outside, inside
23
Q
each sensory and motor spinal nerve receives information from and projects information to specific body regions called ___
A
dermatomes
24
Q
long nerves from the spinal cord that dangle down and branch off to the legs
A
cauda equina
25
epidural anesthetic is injected between __
L2 and L3
26
bundle of myelinated axons running up and down the spinal cord; opaque to light
white matter
27
unmyelinated structures in the spinal cord; translucent to light
gray matter
28
white matter in the CNS is called __, __, or __
tract, fasciculus, pathway
29
white matter in the spinal cord consists of __ and __
sensory afferent fibers and motor efferent fibers
30
gray matter is a collection of __ in the spinal cord
cell bodies
31
occupies the central region of the spinal cord, therefore is called __; 4 lobed structure home to spinal sensory and motor function
Central Gray Region
32
first cell in the sensory system is the ___
first order neuron
33
the soma of all first order neurons lie __ the CNS __ the PNS in the DRG
outside, inside
34
all first order neurons synapse onto a ___ in the CNS for somatosensory systems
second order neuron
35
nerve fibers often ___ to innervate structures on the other side of the body
cross midline
36
the left brain controls the __ side of the body due to __
right; decussation
37
when a projection crosses midline of the spinal cord
contralateral
38
when a projection stays on the same side of the spinal cord
ipsilateral
39
slow conducting fibers in the somatosensory system
nociceptors
40
nociceptors are activated by __ stimuli
noxious
41
What are noxious stimuli?
cause tissue damage
42
large, quick fibers in the somatosensory system
mechanoreceptors
43
origin for motor commands lies in the __ cortex
cerebral
44
final common path for motor commands is the ____ of the spinal cord
ventral horn
45
___ neurons project axons to contact lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
upper motor neurons
46
___ neurons send axons that exit the CNS and innervate the skeletal muscles
lower motor neurons
47
lower motor neuron cell bodies lie in the ___ of the ventral horn of the spinal cord
gray matter
48
lower motor neuron axons exit the cord via the __ and synapse on __
ventral roots, skeletal muscle
49
lower motor neuron synapses exclusively use what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
50
lower motor neuron synapses are __ in nature
excitatory
51
upper motor neurons send two fiber bundles down either side of the spinal cord: __ and __ tracts; which activate ___ neurons
pyramidal and extrapyramidal; lower motor neurons
52
upper motor neurons lie in the __ of the brain
motor cortex
53
largest neurons in the mammalian brain
pyramidal cells
54
axons that leave upper motor neurons and cross the midline at the Decussation of the Pyramids (contralateral)
pyramidal tracts
55
pyramidal tracts descend in white matter and insert into __ of spinal cord and innervate ___ neurons
ventral horn, lower motor neurons
56
the __ system coordinates and gives precision to the pyramidal system
extrapyramidal
57
extrapyramidal neurons primarily come from ___ (basal ganglia) and ___ (celebellar) nuclei
sub-cortical, brainstem
58
extrapyramidal system interacts with __ neurons in the motor cortex and with ___ neurons in the spinal cord
pyramidal, lower motor
59
spinal cord has the capacity to integrate __ imput into appropriate __ output
afferent, motor
60
___ muscle fibers (bulk of muscle) do the majority of the work
extrafusal
61
__ muscle fibers contain a stretch receptor
intrafusal
62
when only one synapse is involved in a reflex, it is called a ___ reflex
monosynaptic
63
any stretch of a muscle is thus countered with a __ of that same muscle
contraction
64
muscles exist in antagonistic pairs of __ and __
flexors, extensors
65
forebrain has two cerebral hemispheres
subcortical and cortical
66
an extension of the brainstem (subcortical)
thalamus
67
ventral to the thalamus (subcortical)
hypothalamus
68
lateral to the thalamus (subcortical)
basal ganglia
69
olfactory bulbs and cortex, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala
limbic lobes
70
cortical includes the __, __, __, and __ lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
71
includes medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum
brainstem
72
3 groups of cells that project to the forebrain (one term)
reticular formation
73
straddle midsagittal line in the brainstem; #1 source of serotonin in the brain and spinal cord; project rostrally and caudally
raphe nuclei
74
small nucleus on each side of dorsal brainstem; #1 source of norepinephrine in the brain; projects to cortical and subcortical regions
locus coeruleus
75
ventral brainstem; major source of dopamine for the brain; projects to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal motor behavior) and limbic medial forebrain (reward)
substantia nigra
76
contain neurons that make up the extrapyramidal motor system; part of the basal ganglia (striatum)
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
77
sheet of white matter; pyramidal projection tract directly through the basal ganglia
internal capsule
78
midline cluster of nuclei on ventral surface of forebrain and a hanging gland
hypothalamus and pituatiary gland
79
hypothalamus: imput from __ and __ structures
limbic, brainstem
80
hypothalamus: output from the ___ via the pituitary stalk
pituitary gland
81
in the ___ gland, axon terminals from neurons in hypothalamus release peptides into the blood
posterior pituitary gland
82
in the __ gland, peptides are released into the blood and are controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
83
___ nuclei relay visual information
lateral geniculate
84
__ nuclei relay auditory information
medial geniculate
85
___ nuclei relay somatosensory information
ventral-posterior lateral and medial
86
all cortex rostral to central sulcus
frontal lobe
87
immediately rostral to the central sulcus; primary motor cortex (not a lobe)
precentral gyrus
88
lobe caudal to the central sulcus
parietal lobe
89
immediately caudal to the central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
90
caudal tip of the skull; primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
91
separated by lateral sulcus; primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
