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Enroute Basics - Kevin's Version > Block 4 > Flashcards

Block 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When are convective currents most active?

A

Warm summer afternoons

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2
Q

Which cloud form often produces widespread IFR weather?

A

Stratiform

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3
Q

WS identifies what?

A

SIGMET

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4
Q

How would you say 22015G25 180V250 ?

A

“Wind 220 at 15 gusts 25. Wind variable between 180 and 250.”

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5
Q

What is the raw material for clouds and precipitation?

A

Water vapor

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of structural icing?

A

Rime
Clear
Mixed

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7
Q

A layer in which temperature increases with altitude

A

Temperature inversion

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8
Q

What is issued when specified conditions are expected to affect at least 3,000 square miles?

A

SIGMET

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9
Q

Which 3 ingredients are required for the formation of precipitation?

A

Water Vapor
Lift
Growth Process

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10
Q

A boundary or transition zone between two air masses of different density and (usually) of different temperature is called _______.

A

A front

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11
Q

A sinking parcel of air compresses and _____ as it encounters increasing pressure; this causes a cloud to quickly ______.

A

Warms ; dissipate

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12
Q

What clouds resemble white fluffy cotton balls?

A

Cumuliform

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13
Q

What cloud may produce icing, turbulence and other hazards?

A

Cumuliform

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14
Q

Which gas constitutes only a small percentage of the earth’s atmosphere and varies widely in both time and space, ranging from trace amounts to 4% by volume?

A

Water vapor

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15
Q

A Maritime Tropical air mass is ______ and ______.

A

Warm and moist

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16
Q

The weather phenomena VA stands for:

A

Volcanic Ash

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17
Q

Water particles that reach the ground

A

Precipitation

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18
Q

What is a continental moisture?

A

Dry air mass that develops over land.

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19
Q

Air flow around a low:

Converges or Diverges

A

converges

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20
Q

Turbulent vertical motions that result from subsequent rising and sinking of air.

A

Convective Turbulence

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21
Q

The weather phenomena +FC stands for:

A

Funnel Cloud touching the ground (tornado or waterspout)

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22
Q

Which product would provide a forecast of IFR over Georgia and Atlanta?

A

AIRMET SIERRA

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23
Q

Which product would provide a forecast of sustained surface wind greater than 30 kts over Minnesota and Iowa?

A

AIRMET TANGO

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24
Q

A front that moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air.

A

Warm Front

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25
Q

The maximum valid period for a SIGMET is ____.

A

4 hours (or 6 hours outside continental US)

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26
Q

This type of turbulence causes abrupt changes in attitude or altitude. May be momentarily out of control.

A

Severe (SEV)

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27
Q

What is a maritime moisture?

A

Moist air mass which develops over water.

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28
Q

In regards to turbulence, what is “chop” and in what forms can it be reported?

A

Light or Moderate Chop

Bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude

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29
Q

This type of icing may require occasional use of deicing equipment and will not present a problem if the deicing equipment is used.

A

Light (LGT)

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30
Q

How long are AIRMETs valid for?

A

No more than 6 hours

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31
Q

AIRMET SIERRAs are for:

A

IFR and mountain obscuration

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32
Q

Which type of front creates towering clouds?

A

Cold fronts

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33
Q

What are the elements listed on the PIREP form called?

A

Text Element Indicators (TEIs)

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34
Q

SIGMETs are issued for which weather phenomenas?

A

Any severe weather, widespread dust storms (DS), sandstorms (SS) or volcanic ash (VA).

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35
Q

The weather phenomena UP stands for:

A

Unknown Precipitation

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36
Q

Which front moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air?

A

Warm front

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37
Q

Rising air ______ and ______.

A

expands and cools

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38
Q

A downburst that covers an area greater than 2.5 miles alongside peak winds as high as 120 kts and can last from 5-30 minutes is called _______.

A

Macroburst

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39
Q

Which 3 systems alerts ATC of microbursts, wind shear and gust fronts?

A

LLWAS
TDWR (terminal doppler wx radar)
ASR/WSP (Weather system processor)

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40
Q

The weather phenomena GS stands for:

A

Small hail and/or snow pellets

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41
Q

What clouds indicate uplift of air?

A

Cumuliform

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42
Q

How would you say FEW000 if there are remarks explaining the obscurations?

A

“Sky partially obscured”

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43
Q

Highs have warm air which can hold more water vapor thus clouds tend to ________.

A

Evaporate

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44
Q

When is RVR reported?

A

When visibility is 1SM or less and/or

6000ft or less

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45
Q

How would you say R25L/M0800FT ?

A

“Runway 25L RVR less than 800.”

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46
Q

An RVR proceeded by a “P” (ex R16/P6000FT) means ______.

A

RVR is “More than” the number reported

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47
Q

Which produce would provide a forecast of severe icing over Kentucky?

A

SIGMET

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48
Q

How would you say: “KOKC 032203Z AUTO”

A

“Oklahoma City Airport Automated two two zero three Observation…”

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49
Q

Which precipitation type occurs when there is a shallow layer aloft with above freezing temperatures, with a deep layer of below freezing air at the surface?

A

Ice Pellets (PL)

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50
Q

How would you say R17L/2400V3000FT ?

A

“Runway 17L RVR variable 2400 to 3000.”

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51
Q

Convective SIGMETs are issued when severe thunderstorms have:

A

Winds >50kts
Hail 3/4” or greater
Tornatoes

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52
Q

What are the 4 classifications of turbulence?

A

Light (LGT)
Moderate (MOD)
Severe (SEV)
Extreme (EXTRM)

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53
Q

What will happen when the temperature-dew point spread decreases to zero?

A

The air becomes saturated and condensation will form dew or fog

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54
Q

This type of turbulence will cause the aircraft to move somewhat, but the aircraft will remain in positive control at all times.

A

Moderate (MOD)

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55
Q

What cloud is like a layer or blanket?

A

Stratiform

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56
Q

Are Convective SIGMETs scheduled or unscheduled?

A

Scheduled

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57
Q

Good visibility and turbulence are associated with ____ fronts.

A

Cold

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58
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere is stable and generally devoid of significant weather?

A

Stratosphere

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59
Q

Which of the following clouds would be visual proof of a mountain wave?

A

Rotor cloud

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60
Q

VV005 would be said as “________.”

A

“Indefinite Ceiling 500.”

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61
Q

What type of front has a steep slope which often leads to a narrow band of showers and thunderstorms if the rising air is unstable?

A

Cold front

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62
Q

In a TAF, what indicates a significant and rapid change?

A

FM

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63
Q

Within which layer of the atmosphere does temperature increase with altitude, making it a stable layer, generally devoid of significant weather?

A

Stratosphere

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64
Q

How would you say SCT000 if there are remarks explaining the obscurations?

A

“Sky partially obscured”

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65
Q

Snow lifted to a height of 6 ft or more above the ground reducing visibility to less than 7 SM

A

Blowing Snow

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66
Q

Ice that sticks to the outside of an airplane is called:

A

Structural icing

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67
Q

How would you say BKN000 if there are no remarks?

A

“Ceiling less than five zero broken”

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68
Q

A large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature and moisture characteristics defines _______.

A

Air Mass

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69
Q

The weather phenomena SG stands for:

A

Snow grains

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70
Q

What are the two commonly identified jet streams?

A

Polar Jet Stream

Subtropical Jet Stream

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71
Q

Although _______ is the most common type of icing, it is the least serious because it is easiest to remove.

A

Rime

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72
Q

The ratio of water vapor in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air can hold at a particular temperature and pressure is the definition of _______.

A

Relative humidity

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73
Q

What level of turbulence do mountain waves produce?

A

Severe-Extreme

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74
Q

Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small super-coolded water drops after they strike the aircraft

A

Rime ice

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75
Q

What is the standard temperature?

A

15 deg C, 59 deg F

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76
Q

In order to escape icing, a pilot must do what 3 things?

A
  1. Exit the area of visual moisture
  2. Climb or descend to positive temperatures
  3. Climb to altitudes where temperatures are too cold to support supercooled droplets
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77
Q

This type of turbulence causes slight, erratic changes in pitch/roll/yaw

A

Light (LGT)

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78
Q

What type of air mass produces stable air that is associated with smooth air, poor visibility and stratiform clouds?

A

Warm air over cold surface

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79
Q

Thunderstorm tops can commonly extend into the lower ________.

A

Stratosphere

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80
Q

The qualifier MI stands for:

A

Shallow

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81
Q

AIRMET ZULUs are for:

A

Icing/FreeZing

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82
Q

Wind direction is considered to be variable when during the 2-minute evaluation period, it fluctuates by 60 degrees or more.

A

Variable wind

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83
Q

The change of ice to water vapor is called ______.

A

Sublimation

84
Q

Precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular. Sometimes called “sleet”
defines _______.

A

Ice pellets (PL)

85
Q

Turbulence is caused by these 3 things:

A

Convective currents
Obstructions to wind flow
Wind shear

86
Q

What is the lowest and highest visibility that can be reported by an automated station?

A

M1/4SM and 10SM

87
Q

An atmospheric wave disturbance formed when stable air flow passes over a mountain or mountain ridge

A

Mountain wave

88
Q

What are the 3 temperature properties?

A

Arctic
Tropical
Polar

89
Q

A _______ air mass moving over a _______ surface often produces unstable air associated with turbulence, good visibility, cumuliform clouds and showers.

A

cold ; warm

90
Q

How would you say SCT000 if there are no remarks?

A

“Less than five zero scattered.”

91
Q

The weather phenomena PY stands for:

A

Spray

92
Q

_____ reduces horizontal visibility to less than 5/8 SM, but does not fall to the ground

A

Fog

93
Q

The weather phenomena PL stands for:

A

Ice Pellets

94
Q

A glossy, clear or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing of large super-cooled water drops.

A

Clear ice

95
Q

A strong downdraft which induces an outburst of damaging winds on or near the ground is a ______.

A

Downburst

96
Q

The qualifier BC stands for:

A

Patches

97
Q

This type of turbulence is violent and may be impossible to control/cause structural damage.

A

Extreme (EXTRM)

98
Q

What is mixed ice?

A

A mixture of clear and rime ice

99
Q

Air flow around a low converges in which direction, and has what type of motion?

A

Counter-clockwise; rises

100
Q

This type of icing could be hazardous even after a short encounter and will require deicing or even a flight diversion.

A

Moderate (MOD)

101
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere contains almost all of the clouds and precipitation?

A

Troposphere

102
Q

How would you say FEW000 if there are no remarks?

A

“Few clouds at less than five zero”

103
Q

A high pressure system spins in which direction?

A

Highs spin clockwise

104
Q

How would you say BKN000 if there are remarks explaining the obscurations?

A

“Sky partially obscured”

105
Q

How long are Center Weather Advisories valid for?

A

2 hours

106
Q

9900 in an FB indicates the wind is:

A

Light and variable

107
Q

What are the 3 stages of a thunderstorm cell?

A
  1. Towering cumulus
  2. Mature (peak intensity)
  3. Dissipating
108
Q

WST identifies what?

A

Convective SIGMET

109
Q

When temperature is missing, read /11 as ______.

A

“Temperature missing, dewpoint one-one.”

110
Q

What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere

111
Q

How would you say: “KOKC 011955Z COR….”

A

“Oklahoma City Airport Corrected one niner five five observation…”

112
Q

Where will you find convective SIGMETs being issued?

A

Continental US

113
Q

A parcel of ______ air expands and cools as pressure decreases with height.

A

rising

114
Q

Which product would provide a forecast of freezing levels over New England?

A

AIRMET ZULU

115
Q

Any of the forms of water particles that reach the ground is _________.

A

Precipitation

116
Q

Turbulence caused by obstructions, such as trees, buildings, mountains, etc… is called ________.

A

Mechanical Turbulence

117
Q

What cloud consists of a featureless low layer that can cover sky?

A

Stratiform

118
Q

Which weather office provides consultation to ARTCCs?

A

Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs)

119
Q

______ is an unscheduled weather advisory issued by CWSU meteorologists for ATC to use to alert pilots of existing or anticipated advises weather within the next 2 hours?

A

Center Weather Advisory (CWA)

120
Q

Air flow around a low ______ in a counter-clockwise motion and _______ causing the air to cool and eventually condense into clouds and precipitation.

A

converges, rises

121
Q

Which front is associated with poor visibility, smooth air and steady precipitation?

A

Warm front

122
Q

Precipitation formation requires water vapor, lift and ______.

A

Growth

123
Q

What 3 phases make up a downburst cycle?

A

Formation
Impact
Dissipation

124
Q

Which air mass diverges in a clockwise motion and sinks?

A

A high

125
Q

A storm produced by cumulonimbus (CB) clouds and always accompanied by lightning and thunder is a ________.

A

Thunderstorm

126
Q

A composite of two fronts as a cold front overtakes a warm front or stationary front.

A

Occluded Front

127
Q

Jet streams often produce what type of turbulence?

A

Clean Air Turbulence (CAT)

128
Q

The interface or transition zone between two air masses of different density

A

Frontal Zone

129
Q

_________ is an unscheduled discussion product issued by CWSU meteorologists that summarizes anticipated weather conditions with potential impact on air traffic flow control and flight operations in an ARTCC’s area?

A

Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS)

130
Q

A downburst that covers an area of up to 2.5 miles alongside peak winds up to 150 kts and can last from 2-5 minutes is called _______.

A

A Microburst

131
Q

VV stands for ______ _______ and indicates what?

A

VV = Vertical Visibility

Indicates an Indefinite Ceiling

132
Q

What are the 4 classifications of icing?

A

Trace (TRACE)
Light (LGT)
Moderate (MOD)
Severe (SEV)

133
Q

Rain that freezes on contact with the ground is _______.

A

Freezing Rain (FZRA)

134
Q

Warm air over a cold surface creates which 3 things?

A

Smooth air
Poor visibility
Stratiform clouds, fog and drizzle

135
Q

This type of icing will not require deicing equipment unless this type of icing is encountered for an extended period of time.

A

Trace (TRACE)

136
Q

The weather phenomena DU stands for:

A

Widespread dust

137
Q

How long are convective SIGMETs valid for?

A

2 hours

138
Q

How would you say: “33037G46KT 300V010”

A

“Wind 330 37 gusts 46. Wind variable between 300 and 010.”

139
Q

Which precipitation types most commonly produce instrument weather?

A

Rain
Drizzle
Snow

140
Q

What are the 2 moisture properties

A

Continental

Maritime

141
Q

What are the 3 cloud forms?

A

Cirriform
Cumuliform
Stratiform

142
Q

What cloud produces little or no turbulence, but can produce icing?

A

Stratiform

143
Q

An RVR proceeded by an “M” (ex R16/M5000FT) means ______.

A

RVR is “Less than” the number reported

144
Q

Which body of water is NOT a primary source of water vapor?

A

The Salt Lake is NOT a primary source

145
Q

Thunderstorm cell formation requires ______, unstable air, and lift.

A

Water vapor

146
Q

Air flow around a high:

Converges or Diverges

A

diverges

147
Q

Sinking air _______ and ________.

A

compresses and warms

148
Q

______ occurs when the temperature remains below freeing throughout the entire depth of the atmosphere.

A

Snow (SN)

149
Q

How would you say R22R/P6000FT ?

A

“Runway 22R RVR more than 6000.”

150
Q

Temperature increases with altitude in the _______.

A

Stratosphere

151
Q

The weather phenomena GR stands for:

A

Hail

152
Q

What is the greatest cause of fatal accidents?

A

Visual flight into IFR conditions

153
Q

The weather phenomena FC stands for:

A

Funnel Cloud (or tornado/waterspout)

154
Q

Which adverse effect of structural icing is LEAST significant to an aircraft?

Increased drag
or
Increased weight

A

Increased Weight

155
Q

The weather phenomena PO stands for:

A

Well-developed dust/sand whirls

156
Q

The weather phenomena SS stands for:

A

Sand Storm

157
Q

A maximum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart. Also known as an anti-cyclone.

A

A high

158
Q

The weather phenomena -FC stands for:

A

Funnel cloud not touching the ground

159
Q

The weather phenomena SA stands for:

A

Sand

160
Q

TAFs are issued by who?

A

The NWS

161
Q

The weather phenomena DS stands for:

A

Dust Storm

162
Q

If no temperature or dewpoint is displayed, read it as ______.

A

“Temperature missing, dewpoint missing.”

163
Q

How would you say: “…35013G34KT”

A

“Wind 350 at 13 gusts 34”

164
Q

A minimum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart. Also known as a cyclone.

A

A low

165
Q

What are the requirements to solicit PIREPs?

A 
Ceilings at or below 5,000ft
Vis 5mi or less
Thunderstorms
Turbulence
Icing
Wind Shear
Volcanic Ash
Braking Action Advisories
166
Q

When dewpoint is missing, read 15/ as ______.

A

“Temperature one-five, dewpoint missing.”

167
Q

The qualifier PR stands for:

A

Partial

168
Q

Relatively strong winds in the upper troposphere are known as the ________.

A

Jet Stream

169
Q

What cloud can have tops reaching over 60,000ft?

A

Cumuliform

170
Q

What is used in a TAF to show a 30% chance?

A

PROB30

171
Q

Which product would be used to firecast an isolated severe thunderstorm 25 miles W of Hill City, KS?

A

Convective SIGMET

172
Q

What are the five layers of the earth?

A 
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
173
Q

Are SIGMETs scheduled or unscheduled?

A

Unscheduled

174
Q

The qualifier DR stands for:

A

Low Drifting

175
Q

Controllers shall advise pilots of hazardous weather that may impact operations within _____ NM of their sector.

A

150 NM

176
Q

The weather phenomena IC stands for:

A

Ice Crystals

177
Q

Cold air mass moving over a warm surface often produces (unstable or stable) air.

A

Unstable air

Cold over Warm = unstable

178
Q

A front which is stationary or nearly so.

A

Stationary Front

179
Q

Liquid water at temperatures below the freezing point and causes instant feezing

A

Supercooled Water

180
Q

This type of icing is so quick/intense that deicing equipment fails to reduce the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary.

A

Severe (SEV)

181
Q

Change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes, and has sustained winds of 10 kts or more is a ________.

A

Wind shift

182
Q

Greatest distance that can be seen throughout at least half of the horizon circle.

A

Prevailing Visibility

183
Q

_______ occurs when there is a deep layer aloft with above freezing temperatures and a shallow layer of below freezing air at the surface.

A

Freezing Rain (FZRA)

Drops freeze on contact with ground or exposed objects

184
Q

The 3 ingredients for a thunderstorm cell are:

A

Water vapor
unstable air
lift

185
Q

A low pressure system spins in which direction?

A

Lows spin counter-clockwise.

Lows-Left over the top

186
Q

When the _______ is greater than zero, the air is unsaturated.

A

Temperature-dew point spread

187
Q

AIRMET TANGOs are for:

A

Moderate Turbulence
Winds >30 kts
LLWS

188
Q

SIGMETs
Convective SIGMETs
AIRMETs

Which are scheduled and which are unscheduled?

A

SIGMET: Unscheduled
Convective SIGMET: Scheduled
AIRMET: Scheduled

189
Q

When temperature-dew point spread ________, relative humidity _______.

A

Temperature-dew point spread DECREASES, Relative humidity INCREASES.

Temp-dew point |v|

Relative humidity |^|

190
Q

If the wind in an FB is reported at FL300 as 760050, what is the wind and temperature?

A

260 at 100. Temperature -50

191
Q

What are the two types of PIREPs?

A

Urgent (UUA)

Routine (UA)

192
Q

When the air is too dry for cumuliform clouds to form, _____ currents caused by uneven surface heating can still be active and cause turbulence.

A

Convective

193
Q

A front that moves in such a way that colder air replaces warmer air.

A

Cold Front

194
Q

The weather phenomena SQ stands for:

A

Squalls

195
Q

Which type of air condenses thus forming clouds and precipitation?

A

Cooling air

196
Q

What generates turbulence between two wind currents of differing wind directions and/or speeds?

A

Wind shear

197
Q

Poor visibility, smooth air and steady precipitation are associated with _____ fronts.

A

Warm

198
Q

Cold air over a warm surface creates which 3 things?

A

Turbulence
Good Visibility
Cumuliform clouds and showers

199
Q

What is responsible for most weather-related accidents?

A

Wind

200
Q

Pressure usually _______ as a front approaches and _______ after it passes.

A

decreases ; increases

201
Q

What does DSNT stand for?

A

Weather beyond 10SM

202
Q

How would you say: “SPECI KOKC 222108Z…”

A

“Oklahoma City Airport Special Report, zero eight observation.”

203
Q

A forecast of non-convective LLWS would be found in what NWS product?

A

TAF

204
Q

Which precipitation type occurs when there is a deep layer aloft with above freezing temperatures, with a shallow layer of below freezing air at the surface?

A

Freezing rain (FZRA)

205
Q

A warm air mass moving over a cold surface produces (unstable or stable) air.

A

Stable air

Warm over Cold = stable

Enroute Basics - Kevin's Version (6 decks)

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