Block1

Question 1

Mammalian RBC is how many nm?

Answer 1

10,000 nm

Question 2

Which is bigger, poliovirus or HIV

Answer 2

HIV

Question 3

Which is bigger, Rabies virus or Smallpox virus?

Answer 3

Smallpox virus

Question 4

Which is bigger Influenza virus or Rabies virus?

Answer 4

Rabies virus

Question 5

What is the typical bacillus length?

Answer 5

3000 nm

Question 6

Do bacteriophages affect humans or bacteria?

Answer 6

Bacteria

Question 7

A virus that is made up of a capsid, what is that?

Answer 7

A protein cover consisting of capsomere

Question 8

What is the common phrase that describes viruses?

Answer 8

Icosahedral nucleocapsid

Question 9

Why do viruses invade host cells?

Answer 9

They want to use cell machinery in order to replicate

Question 10

How are viruses brought into the picture?

Answer 10

Endocytosis

Question 11

What is the toll like receptor that is triggered by dsRNA?

Answer 11

TLR3

Question 12

What is the receptor that triggers lipid A?

Answer 12

TLR4

Question 13

What is the receptor that triggers TLR 2 and 6?

Answer 13

Lipoteichoic Acid

Question 14

Bacterial lipoproteins trigger what toll like receptors?

Answer 14

TLR 1 and 2

Question 15

Mannose-conjugate proteins trigger what toll like receptors?

Answer 15

TLR 2 and 6

Question 16

What is TLR 7 and 8?

Answer 16

Viruses with RNA genomes, endosomal RNA

Question 17

Unmethylated CpG islands is what TLR receptor?

Answer 17

TLR 9

Question 18

What is the target for NOD1?

Answer 18

Peptidoglycan alanine-alanine bridges

Question 19

What is the toll like receptor for NAM?

Answer 19

NOD2

Question 20

Lysozyme is found where? What does it do?

Answer 20

Human tears and mucus Breaks the bond between NAM and NAG

Question 21

What will not fit through the porins in gram negative bacteria?

Answer 21

Lysozyme, Vancomycin, Dapomycin

Question 22

Daptomycin does what?

Answer 22

Binds to the phosphtidylglycerol, in the plasma membrane

Question 23

What destroys LPS?

Answer 23

Polymyxin B and colistin

Question 24

Isoniazid and pyrazinamide attack what bacteria? These drugs inhibit what?

Answer 24

Acid fast bacteria, inhibit myolic acid production

Question 25

What type of antibiotic, also called a lipopeptide, binds to the phosphotidylglycerol?

Answer 25

Daptomycin

Question 26

What type of antibiotic, also called a glycopeptide, binds to alanine-alanine bridges in the cell wall?

Answer 26

Vancomycin

Question 27

What types of antibiotics are 1st generation? Are these susceptible to Beta-Lactamases?

Answer 27

Amoxicillin, Penicillin, and ampicillin Yes

Question 28

What type of drugs are resistant to beta lactamases? What kind of a suffix do they have?

Answer 28

2nd generation -cillins, cephs, or cefs

Question 29

Beta lactams bind to what enzyme, which prevents cell wall synthesis?

Answer 29

Transpeptidase

Question 30

What modifications can the enzyme make in order to become resistant to beta lactams?

Answer 30

Transpeptidase can alter the "penicillin binding site"

Question 31

Isoniazid inhibits myolic acid, but must be activated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

catalase

Question 32

Pyrazinimide inhibits myolic acid production via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

fatty acid synthesis

Question 33

Carbol Fuchsin and Methylene blue are used for what staining technique?

Answer 33

Acid fast bacteria

Question 34

What color will an acid fast bacteria turn stained versus not acid fast?

Answer 34

Acid fast is red Not acid fast is blue

Question 35

What color will Gram stain negative and positive turn?

Answer 35

Gram negative is pink Gram positive is purple

Question 36

What four chemicals are used for gram staining?

Answer 36

Crystal Violet -\> color/stain the bacteria Gram iodine -\> clot the stain Decolorizer -\> acetone/alcohol Safarnin Red -\> stain red/pink if not gram positive

Question 37

What is this shape?

Answer 37

Coccobacillus

Question 38

What is this?

Answer 38

Fusiform Bacillus

Question 39

What is this picture?

Answer 39

Spirillum

Question 40

What is this picture?

Answer 40

Spirochete

Question 41

What is this picture?

Answer 41

Vibro

Question 42

What is the correct order of the 5 viruses in terms of size? Polio, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, Influenza, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and Smallpox

Answer 42

HIV Rabies

Question 43

Biofilms do not have susceptibility to ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

antiseptics and antibiotics

Question 44

Bacteria motility through tumbiling and swimming away from poision and toward food is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

chemotaxis

Question 45

Monotrichous is what? Amphitrichous is what?

Answer 45

One flagella One flagella on each side

Question 46

Lopotrichous is what? Peritrichous is what?

Answer 46

Flagella on one side Flagella on all sides

Question 47

A proton gradient causes the flagellin to spin one direction, what causes the flagellin to spin the opposite direction?

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

Pilli and Fimbrae have proteins called ___________ with subunits called adhesins on their tips. When the pili contract, what is the name of the movement? Only found in what kind of bacteria?

Answer 48

pillin, extensions of the cell envelope twitching motility Gram negative

Question 49

Spores have two distinct chemicals on their cell walls?

Answer 49

peptidoglycan and dipicolinate

Question 50

What type of bacteria require oxygen and are catalase positive?

Answer 50

Obligate aerobes

Question 51

What bacteria are catalse negative and cannot tolerate oxygen?

Answer 51

Obliage anaerobes

Question 52

What bacteria are catalase positive, can grow anaerobically but prefer an oxygen environment?

Answer 52

Faculative anaerobes

Question 53

What bacteria tolerate but do not use oxygen, catalase positive?

Answer 53

Aerotolerant aerobes

Question 54

What bacteria use small amounts of oxygen, and produce small amounts of catalse?

Answer 54

Microaerophiles

Question 55

Capsules are made by what? Biofilms are made by what?

Answer 55

Capsules are made by individual bacteria Biofilms are made by dense populations of bacteria

Question 56

A flagellum will spin what direction to make the flagellum move straight? A flagellum will spin what direction make the flagellum tumble, move randomly?

Answer 56

Counterclockwise Clockwise

Question 57

What is the rate limiting step for bacterial division?

Answer 57

Peptidoglycan/ mycolic acid -\> cell wall synthesis

Question 58

Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria? Strept is latin for what? Staph is latin for what?

Answer 58

Cocci Strept = beads of a necklace Staph = clump of grapes

Question 59

What is a contraindication for Metronidazole?

Answer 59

taken with alcohol, flushing, nausea, high pulse

Question 60

Metronidazole is a medication that can be used against which bacteria? Which cannot be used against?

Answer 60

Obligate anaerobes ok Not ok with against aerobes/faculative anaerobes

Question 61

What spores have what special chemical and come from what brand of bacteria?

Answer 61

Dipicolinate Gram +

Question 62

A spore forming bacteria is staining pink? Why is that happening?

Answer 62

Spore forming bacteria are only suppose to gram positive, however, the spores steal the peptidoglycan from the host bacteria in order to make their cell envelope The lack of peptidoglycan with a gram stain yields a pink stain

Question 63

Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles, and extreme thermophiles were the described bacteria for temperature ranges. Which one will most likely affect humans?

Answer 63

Mesophiles

Question 64

Metronidazole is ineffective against what species of bacteria? Effective against what kind?

Answer 64

Aerobes/facultative anaerobes Effective against Obligate anaerobe, regardless of gram stain or bacteria/anything else

Question 65

Azthyromycin binds to what? Tetracycline binds to what?

Answer 65

Large ribosomal subunit (50S) Small Subunit (30S)

Question 66

Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria?

Answer 66

Cocci

Question 67

What gene is needed to pinch off bacteria replication? If not present what will happen?

Answer 67

FTSZ The gene will just get longer

Question 68

Tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of RNA Polymerase Transcription, what action is the antibiotic preventing?

Answer 68

The start codon is blocked, stopping the initiation phase of translation

Question 69

Macrolides bind the 50s subunit of RNA Polymerase III, what part of translation do macrolides prevent?

Answer 69

elongation phase of translation

Question 70

A blood augar plate has beta hemolytic bactera, what bacteria grow near the beta hemolytic bacteria, but cannot breakdown the RBCs by themselves?

Answer 70

satelite colonies