Block1b

Question 1

What does azthyromycin bind too? What type of drug is azithromycin? Another name?

Answer 1

Large, 50S ribosomal subunit Macrolide, Zithromax, very similar to erythomycin

Question 2

What does tetracyclin bind too? What type of drug is this?

Answer 2

Small, 30S ribosomal subunit -cyclins

Question 3

What does the Synercid bind too?

Answer 3

Large 50S ribosomal subunit

Question 4

As with vancomycin and daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) can only be administered ____________ and is typically reserved for treating severe infections with ______________ resistant to other drugs.

Answer 4

intravenously Gram-positive bacteria

Question 5

What does Ciprofloxacin do? Who cannot have it?

Answer 5

Binds to Topoisomerase II (reduces supercoils) and Topoisomerase IV (cuts two bacterial rings that have been replicated) Preg. Mothers or children

Question 6

Genes with a high number of what makes it difficult to transcribe?

Answer 6

G and C

Question 7

What pinches off replicating bacteria after the cell wall has been built, the bacteria has divided accordingly?

Answer 7

FTSZ gene

Question 8

What three replication topics need a rec A gene?

Answer 8

Natural Transformation, Specialized Transduction, and Artificial Transduction

Question 9

What two processes are stopped by DNAse?

Answer 9

Natural transformation and Artificial Transformation

Question 10

What processes must be similar to exchange genetic material?

Answer 10

Specialized, General Transduction, and Conjugation

Question 11

Name a drug that is a siderophore. A drug that binds to Fe to stay put in the bacterial internal environment and not get punted by the efflux pump.

Answer 11

Albomycin

Question 12

Alpha hemolytic will turn the plate what color? Beta hemolytic will turn the plate what color? Gamma hemolytic will turn the plate what color?

Answer 12

Alpha hemolytic will turn the plate blood red to green Beta hemolytic will turn the plate blood red to yellow Gamma hemolytic will turn the plate light purple or no color change

Question 13

What is special about a chocolate augar plate? Similar bacteria called what grow on other plates?

Answer 13

Breaks down red blood cells for bacteria that do not have the capacity for the cell breakdown Satellite colonies

Question 14

Dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid is inhibited by what drug for UTI treatment?

Answer 14

Trimethoprim

Question 15

What drug prevents PABA to dihydropteroic acid?

Answer 15

Sulfonamides

Question 16

If carbohydrate fermentation is not taking place, what color does it turn? If carbohydrate fermentation takes place, what color does the solution turn?

Answer 16

Negative is red Positive is yellow

Question 17

_________________ prevents peptidoglycan cell wall recycling from happening?

Answer 17

Bacitran

Question 18

Bacilli have what three types of bacteria?

Answer 18

Vibrio, Fusiform Bacilli, Spirilla

Question 19

______________are small, positively-charged molecules that poke holes in microbes because microbial cell surfaces are negatively-charged

Answer 19

Defensins

Question 20

HBD2 and HBD3 are types of defensins that kill different kinds of bacteria? What are they?

Defensins are constantly or not constantly made via the intestinal epithelium?

Defensins are positively or negatively charge?

Answer 20

HBD2 kills Gram - HBD3 kills Gram -/+

Constantly made

positively charged, microbial charged bacteria are negative, opposites attract

Question 21

What 2 items are susceptible to MAC? What 3 are not susceptible to MAC?

Answer 21

Enveloped iscosahedral Nucleocapsid and Gram - (susceptible) Nonenveloped icosahedral nucleocapsid, acid fast, and gram + (non-susceptible)

Question 22

MAC formation requires the presence of an accessible ____________ on the target cell on which to build the pore complex

If an individual is having a problem with gram neg. and enveloped viruses only, what is wrong with the MAC?

Answer 22

phospholipid membrane

most likely C6-C9 problems, the other other anaphylaxins help fight the other types of bacteria

Question 23

The complement cascade can be avoid in two ways. Human cells and some bacteria have ________. What does it do?

Answer 23

Delay Activating Factor -> they inhibit the MAC formation

Question 24

Besides the DAF, what is another way that Bacteria can avoid the complement cascade?

Answer 24

Bacteria hold onto the C3 component and do not allow molecule to break into C3a and C3b

Question 25

What is this cell and what are the contents of the primary granules? The primary granules are azurophilic which are indicative of what?

Answer 25

contain cationic proteins, lysozyme, defensins, elastase and myeloperoxidase They are young neutrophils

Question 26

What are these cells primarily used in defense thereof? What kind of reactions are they involved?

Answer 26

Antibody coated parasites Type I HSR with IgE Eosinophils

Question 27

What type of granules contain contain lysozyme, NADPH oxidase components, lactoferrin and B12-binding protein?

Answer 27

Secondary Granules, Neutrophils 1st to arrive on the scence

Question 28

What are these cells used for?

Answer 28

Basophils are similar to mast cells Histamine and Heparn, used for Type 1 HSR, IgE

Question 29

What are the CD markers for this cell? What is the function of this cell?

Answer 29

CD2, CD7, CD8 CD16, CD56, CD3(not this one) Kill virus infected cells and maligant cells

Question 30

This mast cell does or doesnt circulate in the blood? Contains what two molecules for HSRs? Phagocytic or Hydrolytic?

Answer 30

Doesnt circulate in the blood Heparan and Histamine Not phagocytic or Hydrolytic

Question 31

Alpha Defesins are used in what areas? Beta Defesins are used in what areas? Where do defensins come from

Answer 31

Female reproductive Outer surfaces of body, vagina, respiratory, eyes, GI (stomach) Paneth Cells from the GI tract

Question 32

interleukins communicate between?

Answer 32

white blood cells

Question 33

What diffuses across the membrane for the simplest signaling mechanism? What form of messaging is used?

Answer 33

Nitric Oxide Paracrine and Autocrine

Question 34

What kind of signal will not fit through the plasma membrane; and, needs a second messenger?

Answer 34

polar and large

Question 35

The kinase protein ________ the membrane and makes a ____________ factor for gene expression

Answer 35

phosphorylates transcription

Question 36

A soluble or membrane-associated molecule which binds to a specific receptor, usually with 1:1 stoichiometry. is what?

Answer 36

ligand

Question 37

the NF-KB pathway is suppressed by ________ and after it is phosphorylated, _____________ becomes a transcription factor

Answer 37

IKK RelA-50

Question 38

The binding of a TRL to a ligand or ________ sets off a _________ cascade

Answer 38

PAMP kinase

Question 39

Monocytes have what CD marker? What secondary CD marker do they have?

Answer 39

CD 14 and MD2

Question 40

Erythropoietin, granulocyte stimulating factor, growth hormones use what kind of signaling?

Answer 40

Jak-stat

Question 41

Caspases cut after what? Intrinsic cell death is triggered by what? Extrinsic cell death is triggered by what?

Answer 41

aspartic acid Radiation, Toxins, and Free Radicals FAS and TNF receptors

Question 42

Caspase 8 is through what kind of activation? Caspase 9 is thorugh what kind of activation?

Answer 42

extrinsic intrinsic uses cytrochrome C Both use caspase 3

Question 43

Aberant apoptotic cleanup by macrophages is thought to cause what?

Answer 43

lupus, an autoimmune disease

Question 44

Caspase 8 is internal or external stimuli Caspase 8 stimulates what in order to make the DNAse chop up the chromosomes?

Answer 44

External Stimuli Caspase 3

Question 45

TLR 3,7,8,9 have induced IPC that have extensive what in pictures? What is generated via the NFKb pathway after the TLR receptors hit?

Answer 45

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum IFN-alpha

Question 46

Do bacteria have mitochondria? If bacterial flagellium are going to be attacked, what is going to be pathogenic, similar in terms of structure?

Answer 46

NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Type III secretion system

Question 47

How do bacteria make their ATP if no mitochondria?

Answer 47

They use a plasma membrane and fermentation pathways

Question 48

Specialized transduction, phage DNA is pushed into the Bacterial Chromosome, as a result, a lot of replication will occur, is the restriction enzyme required? What three types of replication need restriciton enzymes?

Answer 48

Not necessairly, the DNA replication takes place and is pushed out, packaged into capsids Artifical Transformation, Generalized and Specialized Transduction