Blood

Question 1

DVT best ttt

Answer 1

Heparin

Question 2

Non pitting odema Dx

Answer 2

Lymphangitis

Question 3

DVT investigation

Answer 3

Duplex

Question 4

Spherocytosis ttt

Answer 4

Folic acid and spleenectomy

Question 5

Chronic dis anemia lab:

Answer 5

Low Iron
Low TIBC

Question 6

Sickle cell + reccurent pnumonia prophylaxis

Answer 6

Penicilin

Question 7

Wilson’s dis caractristic symps?(4)
ttt?

Answer 7

Wilson disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excess copper stored in various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain, and corneas of the eyes. The disease is progressive and, if left untreated, it may cause liver (hepatic) disease, central nervous system dysfunction, and death.

1.Keyser_fleischer ring
2.Liver cirrhosis
3.Osteopenia
4.Parkinson

Penicillamine

Question 8

Development of venous thrombosis (DVT) name? (causes 3)

Answer 8

Over a century ago, Rudolf Virchow described 3 factors that are critically important in the development of venous thrombosis: (1) venous stasis, (2) activation of blood coagulation, and (3) vein damage. These factors have come to be known as the Virchow triad

Question 9

DIC definition? lab (4)?

Answer 9

انعقاد درون رگی منتشر
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a rare and serious condition that disrupts your blood flow. It is a blood clotting disorder that can turn into uncontrollable bleeding. DIC can affect people who have cancer, sepsis or pregnancy.
Diagnosis of DIC involves a combination of laboratory tests and clinical evaluation. Laboratory findings suggestive of DIC include a (1)low platelet count, (2)elevated D-dimer concentration, (3)decreased fibrinogen concentration, and (4)
prolongation of clotting times such as prothrombin time (PT)

Question 10

DIC symp

Answer 10

Symptoms of DIC may include any of the following:
Bleeding, from many sites in the body.
Blood clots.
Bruising.
Drop in blood pressure.
Shortness of breath.
Confusion, memory loss or change of behavior.
Fever.

Question 11

Different lab in Iron def anemia and inflammatory dis

Answer 11

Iron def: TIBC ⬆️ ferritin⬇️ Iron in bone marrow❎

Inflam dis:TIBC ⬇️ ferritin⬆️ Iron in bone marrow ⬆️

Question 12

Evaluate the bone metastasis

Answer 12

Positron emission tomography

Question 13

VWD

Answer 13

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inherited condition that can make you bleed more easily than normal. People with VWD have a low level of a substance called von Willebrand factor in their blood, or it does not work very well. Von Willebrand factor helps blood cells stick together (clot) when you bleed.

Question 14

Wet beriberi

Answer 14

characterized by high cardiac output with predominantly right-sided heart failure and lactic acidosis, is a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, and is rarely seen in modern society

Question 15

Dry beriberi

Answer 15

characterized by neuropathy, which has a severity that correlates with the degree and duration of thiamine deficiency and can be associated with Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome

Question 16

PE ttt

Answer 16

Heparin

Question 17

Lymphoma def

Answer 17

Lymphoma is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. When you have lymphoma, lymphocytes change and grow out of control

These grow so slowly that patients can live for many years mostly without symptoms, although some may experience pain from an enlarged lymph gland. After five to 10 years, low-grade disorders begin to progress rapidly to become aggressive or high-grade and
produce more severe symptoms

Most types of lymphoma can’t be diagnosed by a blood test. However, blood tests can help your medical team find out how lymphoma and its treatment are affecting your body. They can also be used to find out more about your general health.

Question 18

Heat exhaustion

Answer 18

Heat exhaustion is a condition whose symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse, a result of your body overheating. It’s one of three heat-related syndromes, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most severe

a headache.
dizziness and confusion.
loss of appetite and feeling sick.
excessive sweating and pale, clammy skin.
cramps in the arms, legs and stomach.
fast breathing or pulse.
a high temperature of 38C or above.
being very thirsty

In most cases, you can treat heat exhaustion yourself by doing the following:
Rest in a cool place. Getting into an air-conditioned building is best, but at the very least, find a shady spot or sit in front of a fan. …
Drink cool fluids. Stick to water or sports drinks. …
Try cooling measures. …
Loosen clothing.
Core body cooling

Question 19

CA 125

Answer 19

A CA 125 test measures the amount of the protein CA 125 (cancer antigen 125) in the blood. This test may be used to monitor certain cancers during and after treatment. In some situations, the test may be used to look for early signs of ovarian cancer in people with a very high risk of the disease

The cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) blood test isn’t recommended for women with an average risk of ovarian cancer. While women with ovarian cancer often have an elevated level of CA 125 , an elevated CA 125 level doesn’t always mean you have ovarian cancer.

Question 20

first aid for radiation exposure

Answer 20

Discard their cloths

Vigorously wash the victim with soap and water. Dry the victim and wrap with a soft, clean blanket. Call for emergency medical help or take the person to nearest emergency medical facility if you can do so safely. Report the exposure to emergency officials

Potassium iodide is the most commonly used medication that counteracts some effects of significant radiation exposure. All other recommended OTC treatments control the symptoms associated with radiation exposure, such as burn and bone pain

Question 21

Vasomotor (nonallergic) rhinitis

Answer 21

Vasomotor Rhinitis is chronic rhinitis that is characterised by intermittent (coming and going) episodes of sneezing, watery nasal drainage (rhinorrhea), and blood vessel congestion of the nasal mucus membranes

Rinse your nasal passages. Use a specially designed squeeze bottle — such as the one included in saline kits — a bulb syringe or a neti pot to irrigate your nasal passages. …
Blow your nose. …
Humidify. …
Drink liquids

Question 22

Christmas dis

Answer 22

Hemophilia B, also known as factor IX deficiency or Christmas disease, is the second most common type of hemophilia. The disorder was first reported in the medical literature in 1952 in a patient with the name of Stephen Christmas. The most famous family with hemophilia B was that of Queen Victoria of England
it occurs in about 1 in 25,000 male births and affects about 4,000 individuals in the United States

Hemophilia B is caused by an inherited X-linked recessive trait, with the defective gene located on the X chromosome. Females have two copies of the X chromosome. If the factor IX gene on one chromosome does not work, the gene on the other chromosome can do the job of making enough factor IX

Question 23

Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 23

Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that may contain more than one nucleus. These cells are found in people with Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells are the hallmark cells in Hodgkin’s disease.

Reed–Sternberg cells originate from mature B cells, or in very rare instances from T cells. They have, however, largely lost the B-cell-typical gene expression pattern. Numerous genetic lesions have been identified in Reed–Sternberg cells, many of which involve members of the NF-κB or JAK/STAT signaling pathways.

Question 24

Polycythemia vera

Answer 24

is a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots. Polycythemia vera is rare

Polycythemia, also called erythrocytosis, refers to an increase in red blood cell mass, noted on laboratory evaluation as increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Polycythemia vera is a subtype of polycythemia and is associated with the overproduction of all 3 cell lines

Itchiness, especially after a warm bath or shower.
Numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in your hands, feet, arms or legs.
A feeling of fullness soon after eating and bloating or pain in your left upper abdomen due to an enlarged spleen.
Unusual bleeding, such as a nosebleed or bleeding gums.

Question 25

pruritus after hot shower

Answer 25

Hot showers can cause you to itch. Friedman says the heat can cause mast cells (which contain histamine) to release their contents in the skin and cause itching. They can increase your blood pressure, too

Question 26

Prenicious anemia

Answer 26

Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune condition that affects your stomach. Vitamin B12 is combined with a protein called intrinsic factor in your stomach

blood disorder characterized by the inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12, which is essential for the development of red blood cells. Most cases result from the lack of the gastric protein known as intrinsic factor, without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.

Question 27

Pernicious anemia symp

Answer 27

Symptoms of pernicious anemia may include fatigue, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, jaundice or pallor, tingling and numbness of hands and feet, loss of appetite, diarrhea, unsteadiness when walking, bleeding gums, impaired sense of smell, and confusion

Question 28

Red cells & whole blood must always be stored at a temperature between

Answer 28

+2 degree C to +6 degree C in a blood bank refrigerator

Question 29

FFP pereservation degree

Answer 29

Fresh frozen plasma
FFP is prepared from whole blood or apheresis donations and frozen at – 18° C or below within 8 hours of collection. The volume of the unit is typically 200 – 250 mL. When stored at -18° C or below, FFP outdates in 12 months (six year storage at –65° C is allowable but requires FDA approval)

Question 30

Platelet preservation degree

Answer 30

In the US, platelet components are generally stored at 20 to 24 degrees C (room temperature platelets, RTP) for 5-7 days, depending on the storage container and measures to control bacterial risk

Question 31

Tumor lysis synd

Answer 31

Tumor lysis syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication from the treatment of cancer, where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off (lysed) from the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream.

Symptoms are generally nonspecific and can include:
Nausea with or without vomiting.
Lack of appetite and fatigue.
Dark urine, reduced urine output, or flank pain.
Numbness, seizures, or hallucinations.
Muscle cramps and spasms.
Heart palpitations.

Laboratory diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome is based on having two or more abnormal lab values including hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and/or secondary hypocalcemia occurring within 3 days prior to or up to 7 days after the initiation of cytotoxic therapy for malignancy.

Question 32

Leukoplakia

Answer 32

is a condition that involves white patches or spots on the inside of the mouth. It can be caused by chewing tobacco, heavy smoking, and alcohol use

Leukoplakia is different from other causes of white patches such as thrush or lichen planus because it can eventually develop into oral cancer

Excisional biopsy.

This involves surgically removing tissue from the leukoplakia patch or removing the entire patch if it’s small. An excision biopsy is more comprehensive and usually results in a definitive diagnosis

Question 33

What are the 16 cancers caused by smoking?

Answer 33

Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia

Question 34

What anemia has target cells?

Answer 34

There are four major circumstances in which target cells appear as the major morphologic abnormality: thalassemia, hepatic disease with jaundice, hemoglobin C disorders, and the postsplenectomy state. Lesser numbers of target cells are found in sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency, and lead intoxication.

Question 35

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 35

Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia usually appear around 6 months of age. They vary from person to person and may change over time. Signs and symptoms can include:

Anemia. Sickle cells break apart easily and die. Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days before they need to be replaced. But sickle cells typically die in 10 to 20 days, leaving a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Without enough red blood cells, the body can’t get enough oxygen and this causes fatigue.
Episodes of pain. Periodic episodes of extreme pain, called pain crises, are a major symptom of sickle cell anemia. Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to your chest, abdomen and joints.

The pain varies in intensity and can last for a few hours to a few days. Some people have only a few pain crises a year. Others have a dozen or more a year. A severe pain crisis requires a hospital stay.

Some adolescents and adults with sickle cell anemia also have chronic pain, which can result from bone and joint damage, ulcers, and other causes.

Swelling of hands and feet. The swelling is caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking blood circulation in the hands and feet.
Frequent infections. Sickle cells can damage the spleen, increasing vulnerability to infections. Infants and children with sickle cell anemia commonly receive vaccinations and antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia.
Delayed growth or puberty. Red blood cells provide the body with the oxygen and nutrients needed for growth. A shortage of healthy red blood cells can slow growth in infants and children and delay puberty in teenagers.
Vision problems. Tiny blood vessels that supply the eyes can become plugged with sickle cells. This can damage the retina — the portion of the eye that processes visual images — and lead to vision problems.

Question 36

Factor XIII deficiency

Answer 36

is an extremely rare inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal blood clotting that may result in abnormal bleeding. Signs and symptoms occur as the result of a deficiency in the blood clotting factor 13, which is responsible for stabilizing the formation of a blood clot

Signs and symptoms of inherited factor XIII deficiency begin soon after birth, usually with abnormal bleeding from the umbilical cord stump. If the condition is not treated, affected individuals may have episodes of excessive and prolonged bleeding that can be life-threatening

Most untreated individuals with factor XIII deficiency will have close to 0% factor XIII activity in the blood. To confirm a diagnosis, the quantity (amount) of factor XIII is tested in a blood sample through quantitative analysis of factor XIII (assay)

Question 37

Hemophilia

Answer 37

is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spontaneous bleeding as well as bleeding following injuries or surgery. Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that can help to stop bleeding

The three main forms of hemophilia include the following:
Hemophilia A: Caused by a lack of the blood clotting factor VIII; approximately 85% of hemophiliacs have type A disease.
Hemophilia B: Caused by a deficiency of factor IX.
Hemophilia C: Some doctors use this term to refer to a lack of clotting factor XI.

The best way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is typically done by injecting treatment products, called clotting factor concentrates, into a person’s vein

Classification according to plasma procoagulant levels is as follows: Severe hemophilia - FVIII level less than 1% of normal (< 0.01 IU/mL) Moderate hemophilia - FVIII level 1-5% of normal (0.01-0.05 IU/mL) Mild hemophilia - FVIII level more than 5% but less than 40% of normal (>0.05 to < 0.40 IU/mL)

Question 38

TTP

Answer 38

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of the blood coagulation system and is considered a true medical emergency. TTP is characterised into acquired (idiopathic) and congenital (familial) and affects 4-6 people per million, affecting women more than men with a peak incidence in your forties.

Symptoms
Bleeding into the skin or mucus membranes.
Confusion.
Fatigue, weakness.
Fever.
Headache.
Pale skin color or yellowish skin color.
Shortness of breath.
Fast heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)

Acquired TTP is caused when a person’s body mistakingly makes antibodies that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 enzyme. THe ADAMTS13 enzyme normally helps control the activity of certain blood clotting factors

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder in which platelet clumps form in small blood vessels. This leads to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia

Question 39

ITP

Answer 39

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a blood disorder characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are cells in the blood that help stop bleeding. A decrease in platelets can cause easy bruising, bleeding gums, and internal bleeding

Immune thrombocytopenia usually happens when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, which are cell fragments that help blood clot. In adults, this may be triggered by infection with HIV , hepatitis or H. pylori — the type of bacteria that causes stomach ulcers

Question 40

Apoptosis

Answer 40

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those between the fingers of a developing hand. In adults, apoptosis is used to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair. Apoptosis also plays a role in preventing cancer

Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family of genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis

Question 41

INR

Answer 41

(international normalized ratio) is a type of calculation based on PT test results. Prothrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors

Question 42

Aml

Answer 42

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated. AML is also called acute myelogenous leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

With AML, you may have more white blood cells and fewer red blood cells and platelets than normal

The presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in bone marrow but not circulating in the blood — is another indicator of acute myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow test. A blood test can suggest leukemia, but it usually takes a bone marrow test to confirm the diagnosis

Auer rods are a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia but occasionally are seen in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, rarely in cases with fewer than 5% blasts

Question 43

HUS

Answer 43

hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare but serious disease that affects the kidneys and blood clotting functions of infected people. Infection with HUS causes destruction of red blood cells, which can then cause kidney failure. HUS occurs as a complication of a diarrheal infection (usually E.coli)

The first stage of HUS often lasts from 1 to 15 days and may include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as: Abdominal pain. Bloody diarrhea. Vomiting.

HUS is a condition that can occur when the small blood vessels in your kidneys become damaged and inflamed. This damage can cause clots to form in the vessels. The clots clog the filtering system in the kidneys and lead to kidney failure, which could be life-threatening

The body can’t get rid of excess fluid and waste may, in turn, cause:
High blood pressure.
Swelling of the hands and feet.
Fluid buildup (edema)

More than 85 percent of patients with the most common form of HUS recover complete kidney function. However, even with full recovery, there is the chance for high blood pressure or other kidney problems in the years ahead.

Question 44

Thalassemia

Answer 44

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness, and slow growth

Mild forms may not need treatment. Severe forms may require blood transfusions or a donor stem-cell transplant
What causes alpha thalassemia?

Alpha thalassemia occurs when some or all of the 4 genes that make hemoglobin (the alpha-globin genes) are missing or damaged.

There are 4 types of alpha thalassemia:

Alpha thalassemia silent carrier. One gene is missing or damaged, and the other 3 are normal. Blood tests are usually normal. Your red blood cells may be smaller than normal. Being a silent carrier means you don’t have signs of the disease, but you can pass the damaged gene on to your child. This is confirmed by DNA tests.

Alpha thalassemia carrier. Two genes are missing. You may have mild anemia.

Hemoglobin H disease. Three genes are missing. This leaves just 1 working gene. You may have moderate to severe anemia. Symptoms can worsen with fever. They can also get worse if you are exposed to certain medicines, chemicals, or infectious agents. Blood transfusions are often needed. You have a greater risk of having a child with alpha thalassemia major.

Alpha thalassemia major. All 4 genes are missing. This causes severe anemia. In most cases, a baby with this condition will die before birth.

??? Beta thalassemia has three main forms – minor, intermedia and major, which indicate the severity of the disease. Individuals with beta thalassemia minor usually do not have any symptoms (asymptomatic) and individuals often are unaware that they have the condition. Some individuals do experience a very mild anemia.

Question 45

Sickle cell anemia ttt

Answer 45

Management of sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding pain episodes, relieving symptoms and preventing complications

Medications

Hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos). Daily hydroxyurea reduces the frequency of painful crises and might reduce the need for blood transfusions and hospitalizations. But it can increase the risk of infections. Don’t take the drug if you’re pregnant.
L-glutamine oral powder (Endari). The FDA recently approved this drug for treatment of sickle cell anemia. It helps in reducing the frequency of pain crises.
Crizanlizumab (Adakveo). This drug, given by injection, can help reduce the frequency of pain crises in adults and children older than 16. Side effects can include nausea, joint pain, back pain and fever.
Voxelotor (Oxbryta). This drug is used to treat sickle cell disease in adults and children older than 12. Taken orally, this drug can lower the risk of anemia and improve blood flow throughout the body. Side effects can include headache, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, rash and fever.
Pain-relieving medications. Your doctor might prescribe narcotics to help relieve pain during sickle cell pain crises.

Preventing infections

Children with sickle cell anemia might receive penicillin between the ages of about 2 months old until at least age 5 years. Doing so helps prevent infections, such as pneumonia, which can be life-threatening to children with sickle cell anemia.

Adults who have sickle cell anemia might need to take penicillin throughout their lives if they’ve had pneumonia or surgery to remove the spleen.

Childhood vaccinations are important for preventing disease in all children. They’re even more important for children with sickle cell anemia because their infections can be severe.

Your child’s doctor should ensure that your child receives all the recommended childhood vaccinations, as well as vaccines against pneumonia, meningitis, hepatitis B and an annual flu shot. Vaccines are also important for adults with sickle cell anemia.

During the COVID 19 pandemic, people with sickle cell anemia should take extra precautions, such as staying isolated at home as much as possible and for those who are eligible, getting vaccinated.

Surgical and other procedures

Blood transfusions. These are used to treat and prevent complications, such as stroke, in people with sickle cell disease.

In a red blood cell transfusion, red blood cells are removed from a supply of donated blood, then given through a vein to a person with sickle cell anemia. This increases the number of normal red blood cells, which helps reduce symptoms and complications.

Risks include an immune response to the donor blood, which can make it hard to find future donors; infection; and excess iron buildup in your body. Because excess iron can damage your heart, liver and other organs, you might need treatment to reduce iron levels if you undergo regular transfusions.

Stem cell transplant. Also known as bone marrow transplant, this procedure involves replacing bone marrow affected by sickle cell anemia with healthy bone marrow from a donor. The procedure usually uses a matched donor, such as a sibling, who doesn’t have sickle cell anemia.

Because of the risks associated with a bone marrow transplant, including death, the procedure is recommended only for people, usually children, who have significant symptoms and complications of sickle cell anemia. A stem cell transplant is the only known cure for sickle cell anemia.

Clinical trials are ongoing to address stem cell transplantation in adults and gene therapies.

Question 46

Fanconi anemia

Answer 46

is a rare disease passed down through families (inherited) (Autosomal recessive) that mainly affects the bone marrow. It results in decreased production of all types of blood cells. This is the most common inherited form of aplastic anemia. Fanconi anemia is different from Fanconi syndrome, a rare kidney disorder

Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease caused by changes (mutations) in certain genes, known as FA genes. Experts have found 23 different FA genes. The disease occurs when there is a change (mutation) in one of these 23 genes. Children inherit Fanconi anemia from their parents