Orto Flashcards
Avascular necrosis
Is a disease that results from the temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to the bone. When blood supply is cut off, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses. If avascular necrosis happens near a joint, the joint surface may collapse. This condition may happen in any bone.
What are the 4 stages of avascular necrosis?
Stage 1 has a normal x-rays but MRI reveals the dead bone. Stage 2 can be seen on regular x-ray but there is no collapse of the femoral ball. Stage 3 shows signs of collapse (called a crescent sign) on x-ray. Stage 4 has collapse on x-ray and signs of cartilage damage (osteoarthritis).
neuraxial anesthesia benefits
The use of neuraxial anesthesia has been found to decrease blood loss during orthopedic hip surgery and to lower the incidence of post-operative blood clots after lower limb surgery
when scoliosis surgery is needed
Your child might need surgery if his or her spine has a severe curve. This is a curve of at least 40 degrees. Or your child may need surgery in the future if other treatments, such as bracing, don’t keep the curve from getting worse. Children who have only mild curves are not likely to need surgery.
Effect of training on bone mass
Sixty per cent of bone growth occurs during adolescence. Moderate exercise protects against osteoporosis, but too little or excessive exercise may cause osteoporosis
Colles’ fracture
A Colles’ fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards.
Symptoms may include pain, swelling, deformity, and bruising.
Complications may include damage to the median nerve
It typically occurs as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand. Risk factors include osteoporosis.
The diagnosis may be confirmed with X-rays.
The tip of the ulna may also be broken
treat most Colles’ fractures with casting or splinting. Some people may benefit from surgery to improve alignment and restore function in the wrist, after a Colles’ fracture.
If the bone is so displaced that it cannot heal correctly, even if put in a cast, surgery will be necessary. The procedure most commonly used is called reduction. During the procedure, an incision is made to allow access to your broken bones. Your surgeon will then realign your bones and close the incision
Bone densitomety scores
The lower your score, the weaker your bones are: T-score of -1.0 or above = normal bone density. T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 = low bone density, or osteopenia. T-score of -2.5 or lower = osteoporosis.
Most common, non traumatic, osteoporosis fracture
Vertebra
Lumber puncture
(spinal tap) is a test used to diagnose certain health conditions. It’s performed in your lower back, in the lumbar region. During a lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted into the space between two lumbar bones (vertebrae) to remove a sample of cerebrospinal
The insertion of a needle under local anaesthetic requires careful positioning to prevent injury to the spinal cord. Since the spinal cord ends as a solid structure around the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) the insertion of a needle must be below this point, usually between L3 and L4
What is a Z-score and what does it mean?
A Z-score compares your bone density to the average values for a person of your same age and gender. A low Z-score (below -2.0) is a warning sign that you have less bone mass (and/or may be losing bone more rapidly) than expected for someone your age.
How do you know if you tore your quadriceps tendon?
When a quadriceps tendon tears, there is often a tearing or popping sensation. Pain and swelling typically follow, and you may not be able to straighten your knee. Additional symptoms include: An indentation at the top of your kneecap where the tendon tore.
Ruptured Tendon Symptoms A snap or pop you hear or feel. Severe pain. Rapid or immediate bruising. Marked weakness. Inability to use the affected arm or leg. Inability to move the area involved. Inability to bear weight. Deformity of the area.
Posterior hip dislocation position of the leg
Adducted internal rotation
Acute limb ischaemia
is defined as the sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the viability of the limb. Complete or even partial occlusion of the arterial supply to a limb can lead to rapid ischaemia and poor functional outcomes within hours.
Most acute limb ischemia is caused by embolism, thrombosis, peripheral artery disease due to atherosclerosis, or major trauma. Rare causes include popliteal entrapment syndrome, adventitial cystic disease, phlegmasia, and thoracic outlet syndrome.
Pain or numbness in the feet.
Shiny, smooth, dry skin of the legs or feet.
Thickening of the toenails.
Absent or diminished pulse in the legs or feet.
Open sores, skin infections or ulcers that will not heal.
Dry gangrene (dry, black skin) of the legs or feet.
Thenar eminence (Hand)
The thenar eminence is the mound formed at the base of the thumb on the palm of the hand by the intrinsic group of muscles of the thumb. The skin overlying this region is the area stimulated when trying to elicit a palmomental reflex. The word thenar comes from Ancient Greek θέναρ (thenar) ‘palm of the hand’.
Nerve: Median nerve
Artery: Superficial palmar arch
Abstract. The four thenar muscles make up the intrinsic muscles of the thumb. They include the abductor pollicis, adductor pollicis, opponens pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis. Thumb motion is facilitated through the coordination of these intrinsic muscles.
Best meassure bone mass
Dual energy xray absorptiometry
A DEXA scan is the most common way to measure bone density. But your health care provider may order more tests to confirm a diagnosis or to find out if bone loss treatment is working. These include a calcium blood test, a vitamin D test, and/or tests for certain hormones
