Blood Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
blood in blood vessels and flows through body ( about __ liters)
A
5
2
Q
blood. Cooperates with ___ and ____ systems to integrate and regulate bodily functions
A
nervous and endocrine
3
Q
2 major components of blood
A
formed elements plasma
4
Q
formed elevements of blood include ___ ___ and ____
A
a. erythrocytes (red blood cells) b. leukocytes (white blood cells) c. platelets
5
Q
plasma is a a. aqueous solution containing ___ and ____ weight substances
A
large and small
6
Q
plasma maintains ___ fo blood
A
osmotic pressure
7
Q
plasma plays a role in tnasport of
A
water insoluble substances
8
Q
___ is the major component of plasma
A
albumin
9
Q
___ is made up of: albumin gamma globulins fibronogen compliment proteins electrolytes non protein nitrogren substances (: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts) nutrients blood gases
A
plasma
10
Q
___ in plasma is important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
A
compliment proteins
11
Q
nutrients in plama include
A
glucose, lipids, amino acids
12
Q
plasma is a ___ rich liquid
A
protein
13
Q
__ in particular in plasma is responsbile for the osmotic pressure of blood
A
albumin
14
Q
lowest layer of blood (red blood cells) is about __% blood volune in females
A
41
15
Q
lowest layer of blood (red blood cells) is about __% blood volune in males
A
45
16
Q
centrifugation of blood puts ___ at the lowest layer
A
red blood cells
17
Q
hematocrit is the ___occupied by red blood cells
A
Percentage of blood volume
18
Q
middle layer (made of WBCs and platelets) is __% of blood volume
A
1
19
Q
middle layer of blood is ___ in color
A
white or gray
20
Q
platelets a. lymphocytes b. monocytes c. neutrophils d. eosinophils e. basophils are in the ___ layer of centriguged blood
A
middle
21
Q
upper layer of blood is ___
A
plasma
22
Q
plasma is more than ___ of blood volume
A
plasma
23
Q
upper layer of blood is ____ in color
A
yellow
24
Q
at microscopic level red blood cells look like
A
biconcave discs without nuecli
25
6.5-8.0µm is the diamter of
red blood cells
26
rbcs bind ___ aroudn periphery
eosin
27
rbcs look ___ around the periphery
pink
28
rbcs have a \_\_\_;mainary plasma membrane
trilaminar
29
in rbs there is a mebrane skeleton attached to the ___ f the lipid bilayer
cytoplasmic
30
membrane skeleton of the plasma mebrane of rbcs is made of
spectrin, actin and protein 4.1
31
\_\_\_\_ influence defroambility of the membrane of rbcs
membrane skeleton
32
membrane skelton stabilizes the plasma membrane of rbcs against
shearing forces
33
what do rbcs lack \*
nuclei, ribosomes, mitocondira, er, golgi, lysosomes
34
bionconcave shape provides ___ ratio
large surface to volume ratio
35
factors influencing the ability of rbcs to change shape
1. their biconcave shape 2. cyttoplasmic viscosity 3. properties of their plasma membrane
36
hemoglobulin is a globular protein involved in the
1. transport of gases 2. ytoplasmic viscoity 3. eosinophilua of rbcs
37
rbs are eosinophilic because of their
hemoglobulin
38
\_\_- atoms of iron are needed for each molecule of hemoglobin
4
39
hemoglobuin is a tetramer of 4 __ chains
globin polypeptide
40
hemoglobin is ___ of rbc weight
1/3
41
\_\_\_ is the ) major form of hemoglobin in adults (95%)
a1
42
\_\_\_ hb ) consists of 2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 beta polypeptide chains
a1
43
\_\_\_ 2) consists of 2 ALPHA polypeptide chains and 2 DELTA polypeptide chains
hemoglobuin
44
\_\_\_ hb ios ) produced during the intrauterine period
f
45
\_\_ hb ) consists of 2 ALPHA polypeptide chains and 2 GAMMA polypeptide ch
F
46
HB S is caused by a )\_\_\_\_ mutation in DNA coding for beta polypeptide chain
single nucleotide
47
hb s is caused by a change from glutamtic acid -\>
glutamic acid -\> VALINE
48
hbs can increase blood
vicosity
49
hbs -\> increase viscosity -\> can lead to
ischemia
50
\_\_\_ of hbs ---\> anemia
reduced life span
51
average lifespan of rbcs is __ days
120
52
rbcs are removed from criculation by macrophages in the ___ \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
spleen liver and bone marrow
53
\_\_\_ are rbcs recently released from bone marrow
reticulocytes
54
reticulocutes cotnain a small amount of
ribosomal rna
55
\_\_\_ is a useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production
reticulocutes
56
to monitor bone marrow regeneration you'd use
reticulocutes
57
to diagnose and classify anemias you'd look at
reticulocutes
58
to monitory hempoeitic restoration after erhyropoitein therapy you'd use
reticulocutes
59
\_\_\_ are the main line of defense against bacteria, viruses, parasites
leukocytes
60
granular leaukocytes includes
neutrophils, eosinopils basophils
61
agrannular keukocytes (not NEB)
kymphocytes monocytes
62
leukocutes . Function ___ of blood vessels
outside
63
leukocytes leave vessels by means of
diapedesis (through cells or between cells)
64
\_\_- are 6000-10,000/µl (7,500)
leukocytes
65
\_\_ make up 60-70 percent of luekocytes
neutrphils
66
order of frequency of leukocytes
neutrohils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
67
least frequency leukocytes
basophil
68
neutrophil ) nucleus consists of ___ lobes
2-5
69
neutrophil nucleus is heterochromatic or euchromatic
heterocrhomatic
70
\_\_\_ are responsible for the cytoplasm of neutrohpils stianing pink
granules
71
\_\_\_ has Few mitocondira, small golgi, poorly developed rough er, considerable glycogen, few free ribosomes
neutrophils
72
\_\_- fo granules in neutrohpils are specific
80%
73
do neutrohpils have nuceloli?
no
74
main function of neutrohils is to
phagotycose and killing of bacteria
75
with NEUTROPHILS pseudopodia surround bacteria forming
phagosomes
76
\_\_\_ display chemotaxis
neutrophils
77
with neutrophils ____ hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
lysozyme
78
how a secondary lysosome forms
azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome
79
neutrophils die during pahgocytosis, netosis, formaiton fo superoxide anions processes forming
pus
80
\_\_\_ is involved in the formation of superoxide (O2) anions
neutrophils
81
with enutrphils ___ or the release of netlike structure of capable of trapping microbes occurs
netosis
82
neutrophils produces
cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, TGF-β1)
83
lacotferrins binds
iron
84
name 2 specific graules of neutrphils
Lysozymes 2. lactoferrin
85
burst of ___ -\> formaiton of siuperoxide by neutrphils -\> death of bacteria
02 consumption
86
burst of o2 consumption -\> formaiton of ____ by neutrphils -\> death of bacteria
superoxide
87
burst of o2 consumption -\> formaiton of siuperoxide by neutrphils -\>
death of bacteria
88
1. make superoxide ions 2. netosis 3. release antibacterial microvesciles 4. make cytokines
neutrophils
89
\_\_- are leukocytes with a bilboed nucleus
eosinophils
90
eosinophils have no ___ granules
azurophilic
91
\_\_\_ kill larvae of parasitic woms
eosphinophils
92
\_\_\_ phagocytose antigen antibody complexes
eosinophils
93
\_\_\_ inactivate mediatiors of inflam
eosinophils
94
\_\_\_ is the leukocyte that plays a role in asthma
eosinophils
95
airway remodelling in asthma involves
i. increased smooth muscle ii. increased collagen in ECM iii. goblet cell metaplasia
96
asthma involves airway constriction and mucus
hypersecretion
97
\_\_\_ and \_\_\_- are the same size
neutrophils and basophils
98
basophils have large -\_\_ granules
acurophilic
99
basophil nuclei are less ___ than neutrophils or eosinophils
segmented
100
\_\_\_ nucleus usually obscured by cytoplasmic granules that stain intensely with Azure B.
basophil
101
basophil ) granules are rich in\_\_ ___ and \_\_\_
heparin, histamine and SRS-A
102
\_\_\_\_ e. produce eosinophilic chemotactic factor
basophils
103
\_\_- are involved in delayed hypersentitivty reactions
basopils
104
3 functions of basophils
1. inflammation generalize response immediate hypersensitity reation 3. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
105
delayed hypersensitiy take ___ hours to develop
12-18
106
immediate hypersesnitity reations are mediated by
ige
107
with immediate hypersensitity rxns ) rapid degranulation of ___ and \_\_\_occurs
basophils and mast cells
108
rapid degrnaulatio f of basophils may be widespread causing
anaphalytic shock -\> vasodilation, sudden drop in bp
109
in clinial sitautions\_\_ and ___ accumulate at the same site
mast cells and basophils
110
medium lymphocytes have less ___ but more ___ cytoplasm
less heterochromatic more cytoplasm
111
\_\_\_ lymphocyte cells activated by specific antigens
large
112
\_\_ lymphocytes have a more diffuse nucleus
large
113
small lyphocyte features
pale blue cytoplasm
round heterochromatic nucleus
114
\_\_\_\_ is the most frequent size of lymphocytes
small
115
larger agranular lymphocytes
cytoplasm has more organelles
activated by specific antigens
116
large grnaular
117
what are the 3 classes of lymphocytes
small medium, large agranular, large graular
118
3 functional classes of lymphocytes
t lymphocytes
b lymphcytes
natural kiler or null cells
119
b lymohs are \_\_\_% of ciruclating lymphocytes
10-15%
120
functions of b lymphs
1. diffierentiate into ___ ---\> ____ produces antibodies
2.
plasma cells
121
\_\_\_ antigen receptors are immunoglobulins
b lymphs
122
daughter cells of b lymph differentiate into
plasma cells or memory b cells
123
memory b cells from b lymphs respond more ___ to subsequent exposure
more quickly
