Blood

Question 1

What does blood do?

Answer 1

Regulates PH, Ion composition, body temp, and defense against toxins

Question 2

Average Blood Volume of a human

Answer 2

5 liters

Question 3

Name four major tissues

Answer 3

epithelial, nervous, muscular, and connective

Question 4

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 4

connective tissue (a gel-like substance (matrix) with dissolved solutes (ground substance)

Blood DOES NOT contain collagen and elastin

Question 5

Name the two whole blood parts

Answer 5

1. plasma (approx 55%/a little MORE than half)
2. formed elements (approx 45%/ a little LESS than half)

Question 6

What do the blood’s formed elements consist of?

Answer 6

Cells + Cell Fragments (Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets)

Question 7

What type of cells does the human body MOSTLY consist of?

Answer 7

Red Blood cells (99 - 99.9%)

Question 8

What does plasma consist of?

Answer 8

• 92% water
• 7% plasma proteins
• 1% other dissolved solutes/ions ( Na+, Ca2+, K+, nutrients: glucose, Amino Acids, vitamins, Waste: urea, and lactic acid

Question 9

Name the 4 plasma proteins

Answer 9

Albumin, Globluins, Fibrinogen, and Remainder

Question 10

Plasma Protein: Albumin

Answer 10

1. Transports molecules that are not water soluble (fatty acids and cholesterol hormones (steroid hormones: testosterone, progesterone)
2. Contributes to osmotic pressure ( brings water/diffusion + small solutes back inside the capillaries

Question 11

Plasma Protein: Globulin

Answer 11

1. Transports ions that are not water solubles
2. An antibody protein

Question 12

Plasma Protein: Remainder

Answer 12

1. protein-based hormones/circulating enzymes: ex: calcitonin and parathyroid

Question 13

Plasma Protein: Fibrinogen

Answer 13

forms blood clots

Question 14

What is the smallest blood vessel?

Answer 14

capillaries

Question 15

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 15

carries oxygen

Question 16

what are some unique qualities of red blood cells?

Answer 16

1. binds to hemoglobin
2. has no DNA in the nucleus (can’t replicate)
3. 120-day/4-month life-span
4. biconcave disk structure (thick on the outside and think in the center
5. large surface area to volume (does not take up a lot of space)
6. can form cell stacks (rouleau) for twisting and binding in capillaries

Question 17

Where are the pulmonary capillaries found?

Answer 17

lungs (oxygen diffuses INTO the blood)

Question 18

Where are systemic capillaries found?

Answer 18

throughout the body (oxygen diffuses OUT of the blood)

Question 19

What is Hemoglobin (Hb)?

Answer 19

Red-pigmented protein holds iron (Fe) and interacts with Oxygen

Question 20

What does a mature RBC look like?

Answer 20

Heme-Fe ( allows it to bind to oxygen)

Question 21

How many subunits does a Hemoglobin (Hb) have?

Answer 21

4 (Heme-Fe- Oxygen (O^2))
* 4 oxygen, 4 heme(protein), and 4 Fe

Question 22

Each subunit of Hb can bind to how much Oxygen?

Answer 22

1 oxygen

Question 23

What is the relationship between and immature Hemoglobin, RBC, and ATP?

Answer 23

immature hemoglobin means an immature RBC that cannot bind to oxygen for ATP production

Question 24

what is another name for a RBC?

Answer 24

Erythrocyte

Question 25

What condition or disease creates an abnormal RBC?

Answer 25

sickle cell

Question 26

Viscera

Answer 26

abdomen + intestines ( internal organs in the main cavity of the body)

Question 27

Veins

Answer 27

oxygenated blood (goes to the heart)

Question 28

arteries

Answer 28

deoxygenated blood (goes away from the heart)

Question 29

What happens when hemoglobin does not have a complete subunit of Heme-Fe?

Answer 29

Cannot take on oxygen (O2) and cannot make ATP

Question 30

What disease is know for it's abnormal hemoglobin?

Answer 30

sickle cell

Question 31

What is sickle cell?

Answer 31

point mutation affecting a single amino acid of the beta chain (see subunit example)

Question 32

hemolysis

Answer 32

red blood cells bursting in circulation

Question 33

What cell phagocytoses cell fragments, broken viruses, and debris/ waste?

Answer 33

Free and fixed macrophages

Question 34

What organs removes most of cell debris from blood?

Answer 34

spleen + liver

Question 35

What are the two types of macrophages?

Answer 35

fixed and free

Question 36

Where are fixed macrophages found?

Answer 36

liver + spleen

Question 37

What are the subunits of Hemoglobin?

Answer 37

2 beta chains (β) and 2 alpha chains (α)

Question 38

proteins in RBC breakdown becomes what?

Answer 38

amino acids (A.A.) that get recycled

Question 39

Heme in RBC breakdown becomes what?

Answer 39

Converted into other pigmented molecule( bilirubin/yellowish)

Question 40

bilirubin is filed by what organ?

Answer 40

kidneys via blood as urea/urine

Question 41

What organ converts Heme?

Answer 41

liver via blood to make bile

Question 42

If bilirubin becomes bile where does it travel to?

Answer 42

through bile ducts and ends in small intestine

Question 43

What is the purpose of bile?

Answer 43

help digest + absorbs fats/ lipids

Question 44

Wat is Hemopoiesis?

Answer 44

formation of formed elements such as myeloid stem cells, RBC, WBC, megakaryocytes/platelets, and lymphoid stem cells

Question 45

Where does Hemopoiesis take place?

Answer 45

in cancellous bone( red bone marrow)

Question 46

Hemocytoblasts

Answer 46

stem cells that have the ability to divide and create specialized cells/differienciate

Question 47

What is another name for red blood cells

Answer 47

Erythrocytes

Question 48

what are the four types of white blood cells (WBC)?

Answer 48

1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Neutrophils 4. Monocyte

Question 49

Megakaryocyte

Answer 49

flakes apart to become platelets (cell fragments)

Question 50

lymphoid stem cells

Answer 50

divide to become WBC called lymphocyte

Question 51

What cells after the hemocytoblast stage become RBC?

Answer 51

myeloid stem cells

Question 52

Erythropoiesis

Answer 52

the formation of RBC

Question 53

What are the 5 stages of Erythropoiesis?

Answer 53

1. hemocytoblast 2. myeloid stem cells 3, normoblast 4. reticulocyte 5. mature RBC

Question 54

what is the most basic cell that will eventually become a RBC?

Answer 54

hemocytoblast

Question 55

Normoblast

Answer 55

cells that loose its nucleus and other organelles (day 4)

Question 56

What day/s does a cell spend as a reticulocyte

Answer 56

day 5-7

Question 57

what is a reticulocyte?

Answer 57

immature red blood cell that is release d from red BM into the blood stream (peripheral blood)

Question 58

How long does it take a RBC to mature once in the blood stream?

Answer 58

about 24 hours

Question 59

How long does it take to make a RBC?

Answer 59

a week

Question 60

how many amino acids to make RBCs?

Answer 60

all 20 amino acids

Question 61

Which vitamins act as coenzymes to make RBCs?

Answer 61

B- vitamins

Question 62

What hormones are responsible for making RBCs?

Answer 62

androgens, GH, thyroxine

Question 63

What main hormone regulates Erythropoiesis in Red BM?

Answer 63

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 64

Where is EPO made?

Answer 64

kidney and liver

Question 65

What type of hormone is EPO?

Answer 65

Glycoprotein

Question 66

What are the functions of EPO?

Answer 66

1. allows more oxygen (O2) to be transported 2. increases cell division/ erythropoiesis

Question 67

What circumstances or conditions is EPO released?

Answer 67

1. released in hypoxic conditions 2. damaged respiratory surfaces 3. blood flow decline to kidneys

Question 68

What's the downside of high levels of EPO in the blood?

Answer 68

oxygen (O2) levels within the rest of the body can be to high