Endocrine

Question 1

Alpha cells are linked to?

Answer 1

pancreatic cells that produce glucagon to increase sugar levels

Question 2

Beta cells are linked to?

Answer 2

pancreatic cells that produce insulin to decrease sugar levels

Question 3

nervous system vs endocrine system when delivering hormones

Answer 3

nervous system is fast/rapid at cell site
endocrine is slow and can affect many cells

Question 4

endocrine gland/ cells

Answer 4

modified epithelia
make hormones to exocytosed from cell to interstitial fluid +
can affect multiple all at once

Question 5

WBC/ Leukocytes can be found where

Answer 5

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, and CT proper or organs of lymphoid system

Question 6

What do WBC do to bring other WBC’s

Answer 6

release chemical messages

Question 7

WBC’s move from what concentration to what concentration?

Answer 7

known as chemotaxis, WBC’s move from higher chemical concentration to lower chemical concentration

Question 8

What WBC’s phagocytose/endocytose?

Answer 8

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte/ macrophage

Question 9

neutrophil

Answer 9

WBC that is usually first to the site of injury or infection.

highly mobile

Question 10

phagocytic

Answer 10

has a lot of lysosomes and engulfs material or debris

Question 11

Esinophils

Answer 11

• high numbers of this cell means a parasite
• phagocytic
• can only attack when something is coated with antibodies
• late in the immune response if first exposure

Question 12

monocyte/macrophage

Answer 12

-most aggressive
-largest WBC
-phagocytic ( looks for broken viruses and debris

Question 13

lymphcyte

Answer 13

-long life span
- has memory cells
-cell with plasma ring
- are T-cells, B-cells (factory of antibodies , and NK cells
- smallest white blood cell

Question 14

basophils

Answer 14

-produce histamine
-can cause clotting
- produces heparin( prevents clotting)

Question 15

heparin

Answer 15

hormone that prevents clotting

Question 16

local inflammation will produce what symptoms or signs?

Answer 16

heat, swelling, and redness

Question 17

Spleen

Answer 17

-removes pathogens by filtering blood to prevent septic blood
- removes broken and old cells

• makes platelets that form clots to plug holes in blood vessels

Question 18

thrombocyopoiseis

Answer 18

platelet production ( made in Red bone marrow)

• hemocytoblast➡️myeloid stem cells➡️megakaryocytes (flake apart)➡️platelet( cell fragments)/thrombocyte

Question 19

another name for platelet

Answer 19

thrombocyte

Question 20

TPO

Answer 20

peptide hormone from kidneys targets red blood cells to initiate thrombopoiesis

Question 21

What motion does smooth muscle make?

Answer 21

twist and contract

Question 22

Hemostasis

Answer 22

injured blood vessels formation of a clot

Question 22

vascular phase

Answer 22

1.)vascular spasm allows smooth muscle in wall of damaged BV to contract

2.)cause injury/hole to get smaller

3.) endothelium cells/PM cells lining vessel of injury site become sticky

Question 23

fibrinogen

Answer 23

soluble protein in plasma

Question 24

What enzyme breakdown fibrinogen?

Answer 24

thrombin

Question 25

albumins

Answer 25

transports molecules that are not water soluble such as hormones and fatty acids - contributes to osmotic pressure - resides in the capillaries only

Question 25

What is the final result of thrombin breaking down fibrinogen?

Answer 25

fibrin ( insoluble protein) - used to form clot ( binds with platelet plug)

Question 26

What is the average blood volume of a human?

Answer 26

5 liters

Question 27

osmotic pressure

Answer 27

brings H20 + small solutes back inside the capillaries

Question 28

globulins

Answer 28

attacks proteins and foreign pathogens

Question 29

one hemoglobin can bind to how many O2?

Answer 29

4 ( has four subunits( 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains)

Question 29

hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 29

- pigmented protein that holds Fe ( iron) and interacts with O2 - has 4 subunits ( Heme-Fe-O2)

Question 30

each subunit of Hemoglobin can bind to how many O2

Answer 30

one ( subunit consists of One heme- One- Fe- one O2)

Question 31

What can not be made if a subunit is incomplete?

Answer 31

ATP

Question 32

What does a subunit of Heme make?

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

What is autoregulation/Intrinsic regulation?

Answer 33

-a way to get local parameters back into homeostatic range -Does not use NS ( nervous system) or endocrine system -always local

Question 33

What is another name for autoregulation?

Answer 33

Intrinsic regulation

Question 34

In what tissue does vasomotor reflexes happen

Answer 34

smooth muscle ( ex; blood vessels)

Question 35

Where is the vasomotor center?

Answer 35

upper medulla oblongata/ lower pons of brainstem

Question 36

What is vasomotor tone?

Answer 36

Blood vessels slightly constricted

Question 36

What innervation do blood vessels receive?

Answer 36

given they have vasomotor reflexes, they have only sympathetic innervation (single innervation)

Question 37

If blood PH is ⬇️(low), what does this mean?

Answer 37

the blood is more acidic/ likely to to high levels of CO2

Question 38

What receptors detect changes in Blood vessels?

Answer 38

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors ( detect changes in stimuli)

Question 39

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 39

detect changes in blood pressure (BP)

Question 40

What cells make up the thyroid?

Answer 40

C-cells

Question 41

What hormone does C- cells of the thyroid make ?

Answer 41

calcitonin

Question 42

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 42

reduces Ca2+ in the blood

Question 43

Exocrine Cells make what?

Answer 43

digestive enzymes

Question 44

Endocrine cells make?

Answer 44

insulin and glycogon

Question 44

What type of cell is insulin?

Answer 44

Beta cells

Question 45

What type of cells is glycogen?

Answer 45

Alpha cells

Question 46

What are the different zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 46

1. Zona glomerosa

Question 47

expiration and pressure relationship

Answer 47

compression in the lungs created higher pressure in alveloi than atmospheric pressure

Question 48

inspiration and pressure relationship

Answer 48

air outside the lungs is lower and pressure in the alveoli than atmospheric pressure

Question 49

What cells make calcitonin?

Answer 49

c- cells ( parafollicular) of the thyroid

Question 50

What cells make digestive enzymes?

Answer 50

exocrine cells of the pancreas call Acinar

Question 51

What cells make glucagon?

Answer 51

Islet cells of the pancreas know as alpha cells (Regulate low blood sugar)

Question 52

What cells make Insulin?

Answer 52

Islet cells of the pancreas know as Beta cells (regulate high blood sugar)

Question 53

What cells make PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

Answer 53

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

Question 54

what gland makes melatonin?

Answer 54

pineal gland

Question 55

Define hormones

Answer 55

- chemical messengers that regulate functions - can interact with organs - travels through the blood - either water soluble (amino acid) or lipid soluble ( cholesterol based/steroid)

Question 56

Define a gland

Answer 56

a clump of cells that secrets hormone

Question 57

What are two pancreatic enzyme and their cell type?

Answer 57

glucagon (alpha cells) and Insulin (beta cells)

Question 58

What cells are known as Islet?

Answer 58

alpha and beta cells of the pancreas ( makes glucagon + insulin)

Question 59

What cells are know as Acinar?

Answer 59

digestive cells of the pancreas

Question 60

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 60

to coordinate the endocrine system and nervous ( sympathetic system)

Question 61

Describe the functions of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 61

increase heart rate, divert blood from digestion to parts of the body that need it most. -inhibits secretion of needed fluids - suppresses hunger

Question 62

What are some of the issues with autoimmune disorders?

Answer 62

autoimmune disorders are a malfunction in the immune system - antibodies are created and mimic hormones and chemical signals that would normally be transmitted by a different chemical. -prevents normal function and attachments at receptor sites