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Capillary Pressure Flashcards

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1
Q

filtration

A

H20 pushed out of the capillaries into the interstitial/ extracellular fluid

CHP>BCOP

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2
Q

What plasma proteins are found in the capillaries?

A

albumins ( should never be outside of capillary)(stays in plasma)

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3
Q

Reabsorption

A

H20 being drawn back into the blood/ capillaries

also known as opposing filtration
BCOP> CHP

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4
Q

What blood vessels bring blood to the capillaries from the heart?

A

arterioles

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5
Q

What blood vessels bring blood out of the capillaries and to the heart?

A

venules

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6
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) Equation

A

NFP= CHP - BCOP

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7
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

A

pressure at the end of an arteriole or at the end of a venule

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8
Q

What ions and molecules diffuse through channels of the capillaries?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

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9
Q

What freely diffuses across plasma membrane(PM)?

A

lipids, hormones, CO2, O2, (fat soluble)

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10
Q

What is the driving force for filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

caused by the force of gravity acting on all the particles within a fluid

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12
Q

**How much fluid is forced out the capillary/blood( via filtration)

A

24 liters /day

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13
Q

Name a type of hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure ( pushing against the walls capillaries etc..)

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14
Q

What does CHP stand for?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

What does BCOP stand for?

A

Reabsorption driving force ( high suspended proteins)

mainly due to suspended proteins

AKA: blood colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is opposing filtration?

A

net effect @ venule end of capillaries reabsorption

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17
Q

What determines how fast ions or molecules diffuse?

A

the higher the concentration difference and the shorter the distance, molecule size( small and water soluble) ( thus happens in capillaries)

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18
Q

What cells are ions and molecules diffusing through?

A

simple Squamish endothelial cells

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19
Q

What is small enough to diffuse through a fenestrated capillary

A

ions, water soluble , small molecules like glucose

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20
Q

Where are albumins made?

A

liver ( the only place you will find plasma proteins such as albumins in the blood)

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21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

⬇️solutes means suspended plasma proteins /albumins⬇️and vice versa

happens during reabsorption

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22
Q

What are the effect of liver damage related to alcohol?

A

alcohol filtration will be ⬆️ but reabsorption will be less causing edema

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23
Q

What is edema?

A

H20 stuck in intestinal tissue outside the capillary

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24
Q

Process of filtration and absorption

A

24 L filtered ( pushed out of capillary), reabsorbed (fluid moves back into capillary) 20.4

more fluid is moved out of capillary then what comes back in due to net fluid going to lymphatic capillaries

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25
Where is hydrostatic pressure highest?
at the end of a capillary
25
No net movement
NFP = 0 and CHP=BCOP
26
What happens to the net fluid that goes to the lymphatic capillaries?
becomes lymph and drains back into subclavian vein
26
What conditions affect hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in blood vessels (BV)?
dehydration edema ( build-up of fluid in interstitial fluid) hemorrhage ( loss of blood)
27
Vasomotor reflex control center is found where?
upper medulla and lower pons continually transmits AP's to sympatric vasoconstrictor fibers
28
Where can Vasomotor reflexes and and receptors be found?
only in smooth muscle (in wall of most blood vessels) also in visceral sensory neurons and organs ex: kidneys
29
What effects does vasomotor tone have on blood vessels?
⬇️ of vasomotor tone and BP goes down due to BV dilation ⬆️ of vasomotor tone and BP goes up due to BV constriction/squeezing
29
What is vasotone?
blood vessels in a continuously in a partially constricted state
30
What Blood Vessels (BV) are not innervated by sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers (single innervation)?
All blood vessels except capillaries and pre-capillary sphincters
31
define dual innvervation?
When organs can receive fibers from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
32
What are the affects of a blood vessels dilating down?
⬇️ BP
33
What's the difference between baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?
Baroreceptors sends signals to vasomotor center ( increase BP, increase vasomotor tone, increase or an increase in AP to vasomotor center to dilate blood vessels and decrease BP Chemoreceptors activated by decrease or increase in chemical changes such as low O2 or high CO2 and PH changes ( increase BP and vasomotor tone)
34
What affect does high CO2 have on PH?
more acidic
35
What happens when 🔺in PH activates visceral sensory neurons?
sympathetic activity goes ⬆️, contractility⬆️, vasoconstriction⬆️, BP goes, O2 goes ⬆️, blood flow goes ⬆️, CO2⬇️, blood PH goes ⬆️(more basic), ⬆️ vasomotor tone = Back to homeostatic range
36
Hormonal control vs. Vasomotor center
hormonal control kicks in ONLY if vasomotor and cardiac reflex does not correct the problem * hormonal control takes longer to correct than cardiac and vasomotor
37
Describe the hormonal control process
hormones enter the blood and acts on the smooth muscle
38
What effect does hormone control have on Kidneys?
1.) If BP ⬇️ hormones released will cause: vasoconstriction goes⬆️, retention of Na+ goes⬆️/ loss of Na+⬇️, retention of H20 goes⬆️/loss of H20 ⬆️, blood volume⬆️, and urine output goes⬇️ vice versa if BP goes ⬆️ (vasodilation instead of constriction) and( flip all arrows)
39
What does the lower respiratory consist of?
larynx ( voice box), trachea ( wind pipe), and bronchi
40
What does the upper respiratory consist of?
nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx ( filter, warm and humidify incoming air, cool and dehumidify air)
41
What is the difference in cartilage and smooth muscle in the trachea?
cartilage is higher( limits how much trachea🔼in diameter) prevents collapse
42
Respiratory Vessel Order
Air---------- Nose ⬇️ mouth-------------oropharynx ⬇️ food + liquid ( mouth) ---------laryngopharynx ➡️⬇️esophagus (posterior to trachea)⬇️respiratory diaphragm⬇️STOMACH ⬇️ ⬇️ larynx (glottis = hole) ⬇️ trachea ⬇️ Bronchi ⬇️ (SMALLER DIAMETER + MORE NUMEROUS ⬇️ Bronchioles ⬇️ Alveoli
43
Tissue Cells of respiratory from top to bottom
nasopharynx ----(ciliated pseudostratified columnar) ⬇️ Oropharynx (stratified squeamish) ⬇️ Laryngopharynx ( stratified squeamish)➡️⬇️esophagus ( ciliated [pseudostratified columnar + goblet(mucus cells) ⬇️respiratory diaphragm⬇️stomach ⬇️ Larynx (ciliated pseudostratified columnar) ⬇️ trachea (ciliated pseudostratified columnar) ⬇️ bronchi (ciliated simple columnar) ⬇️(Smaller diameter + more numerous) ⬇️ bronchioles (ciliated simple cuboidal) ⬇️ ⬇️(bronchi+ bronchioles+ alveoli found within lungs) ⬇️ terminal bronchiole (simple squamish) ⬇️ respiratory bronchioles (simple squamish) Alveoli ( simple squamous for gas exchange)( NO smooth muscle or NO cartilage)
44
what helps prevent liquid + food from getting into the wrong spaces?
epiglottis and vocal folds
45
What is one issue that can occur if food or liquid gets into/ goes through the glottis?
It can get into the lungs
46
47
48
Describe ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia
single layered with hairs in a column shape
49
One word to describe stratified squamous epithelia
toughest epithelia
50
Thyroid cartilage
"Adams apple" in males ( Growth hormone helps make it)
51
How does thickness and length affect vocal cords?
thicker and longer ( deepens voice + lower tones)
52
True vocal cords ( ligaments/dense CT)
produces speech + sound
53
beta 1 adrenergic receptors vs beta 2 adrenergic receptors
found in heart + adipose vs smooth muscle (respiratory)
54
Which cells are affect by smoking?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar in trachea change to stratified squamaous
55
What are the effects of losing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar?
no cilia can't clear mucous inflammation and irritation increase microorganism growth etc....
56
What is beta 2 adrenergic receptor affect on contractility?
when activated less contractility cause ⬆️ in bronchodilation
57
goblet cells do what?
create mucus
57
what does mucus do in the respiratory tracts?
traps dirt. debris. and protects surfaces like Cilla
58
rings of cartilage do what?
prevents collapse and limits diameter change /contractility
59
which lung is bigger?
right lung because of heart sitting off center to the left
59
which lung has a cardiac notch?
left lung
60
What separates the thoracic cavity?
respiratory diaphragm
61
how many segments does the left lung have?
9 segments
62
how many segments does the right lung have?
10 segments
63
Where does majority of gas exchange happen in the respiratory system?
alveoli (due to the majority of pulmonary capillaries being found here)
64
How many lobes do the left and right lungs have?
the left lung has two lobes and the right has 3 lobes
65
What kind of muscle is the respiratory diaphragm?
skeletal muscle
66
What is the name of the cavity each lung sits in?
thoracic cavity
67
Name the respiratory structures from the tracheal to the alveoli
trachea---- primary bronchi (1°)(one left and one right in each lung) secondary bronchi(2°) ( smaller diameter and more numerous into each lobe/ 3- right and 2 -left)-----------tertiary bronchi(3°) (into each bronchopulmonary segment/ 10 on the right and 9 on the left )---------bronchioles-------terminal bronchioles-------respiratory bronchioles-------(thin-walled -simple squamish)alveolar ducts(thin-walled -simple squamish) ----------alveoli (thin-walled -simple squamish)
68
What passageways constrict during an asthma attack?
bronchioles and terminal bronchi (small passage ways)
69
Give an example of a neurotransmitter that binds to a beta-2 adrenergic receptor and where it can be found in the respiratory system
epinephrine in bronchiole
70
name the two pleura (linings) from the most internal to external that can be found in the lungs
visceral -----parietal
71
Define inspiration
inhalation (air into the lungs)
72
Define expiration
exhalation (air out of the lungs)
73
Where can pleural fluid be found?
in the space between the pleural cavity space = pleural pressure
74
Define respiratory cycle
1 inspiration and 1 expiration
75
Inspiratory Capacity (inspiration or amount of air that can maximally be inspired after expiration)
TV + IRV
76
Functional Residual Capacity (expiration or amount of air remaining in lungs) equation
ERV + RV
77
Vital Capacity ( max volume expelled after max inspiration (inhalation))
IRV+TV+ERV
78
Total lung capacity( sum of everything/total capacity of the lungs)
IRV+TV+ERV+RV also VC+ RV
79
Tidal Volume
air inspired or expired during quiet breathing
80
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the inspiration of normal TV
81
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the expired after expiration of normal TV
82
Residual Volume
Volume of air remaining in respiratory passageways and lungs after maximum expiration
83
83
Spirometry
process of measuring volumes of air moving in and out
84
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Anatomy II (9 decks)

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