blood

Question 1

vol of blood in normal adult

Answer 1

5.5L

Question 2

how much of blood is haematocrit

Answer 2

45%

Question 3

polycythaemia

Answer 3

bone marrow tumours

Question 4

symptoms of polycythaemia

Answer 4

1. red complexion
2. headache
3. blurred vision
4. confusion
5. stroke/coma

Question 5

what is absolute erythrocytosis

Answer 5

raised RBC mass, normal plasma volume

Question 6

what is apparent erythrocytosis

Answer 6

normal RBC mass, reduced plasma volume

Question 7

plasma components

Answer 7

1. water
2. solutes
   3, proteins
3. albumin
4. globulins
5. fibrinogen

Question 8

what do albumins do and where are they made

Answer 8

made in liver, contribute to colloid osmotic pressure

Question 9

what do globulins do and where are they made

Answer 9

made in liver and lymphoid tissue, clotting factors, enzymes and antibodies

Question 10

what do fibrinogens do and where are they made

Answer 10

liver, forms fibrin strands for blood clotting

Question 11

what does transferrin do and where are they made

Answer 11

liver, iron transport

Question 12

erythrocytes size and conc

Answer 12

7-8 µm, 5 million/µl

Question 13

why can erythrocytes easily pass through capillaries

Answer 13

they are highly flexible

Question 14

how many Hb molecules in a single RBC

Answer 14

250,000,000

Question 15

how long to RBCs survive

Answer 15

120 days

Question 16

sites of haematopoiesis

Answer 16

yolk sac, liver/spleen, bone marrow

Question 17

where is red bone marrow in adults

Answer 17

sternum, ribs and upper ends of long limb bones

Question 18

how is erythropoiesis controlled

Answer 18

1. kidneys detect reduced O2- carrying capacity of blood
2. less O2 delivered to kidney so erythropoietin secreted
3. erythropoietin triggers erythropoiesis by bone marrow
4. additional RBCs increase O2-carrying capacity of blood

Question 19

CO2 effect on RBCs

Answer 19

binds irreversibly to polypeptide chains, carbonic anhydrase found in RBCs

Question 20

CO effect on RBCs

Answer 20

occupies O2 binding sites, leads to CO poisoning, Hb has 4x more affinity for CO than O2

Question 21

NO effect on RBCs

Answer 21

vasodilator, allows blood to circulate

Question 22

Fe in diet effect on blood

Answer 22

1. absorbed by active transport
2. transferrin transports Fe in plasma
3. liver stores Fe as ferrin
4. bone marrow uses Fe to make Hb
5. spleen converts Hb to bilirubin
6. liver metabolises bilirubin and excretes it as bile

Question 23

3 steps of haemostasis

Answer 23

1. vascular spasm
2. formation of thrombus
3. formation of blood clot

Question 24

what do platelets (thrombocytes) contain

Answer 24

1. mitochondria
2. SER
3. cytoplasmic granules

Question 25

what secretes vWf

Answer 25

megakaryocytes, platelets and endothelial cells

Question 26

what does vWf do upon damage

Answer 26

1. binds to collagen 2. platelets binds to it and trigger stickiness 3. secretion

Question 27

what do platelets secrete after binding to vWf

Answer 27

serotonin, ADP, epinephrine

Question 28

what halts clot formation

Answer 28

prostacyclin, nitric acid

Question 29

how does clot formation halt

Answer 29

1. exposed collagen binds and activates platelets 2. platelet factors released 3. attracts more platelets 4. platelets aggregate into plug

Question 30

platelet function factors: Collagen

Answer 30

from subendothelial extracellular matrix, injury exposes platelets to collagen

Question 31

platelet function factors: vWf

Answer 31

activated by exposure to collagen, links platelets to collagen

Question 32

platelet function factors: serotonin

Answer 32

from secretory vesicles of platelets, activated by platelet activation, aggregates platelets

Question 33

platelet function factors: ADP

Answer 33

from platelet mitochondria, activated by platelet activation and thrombin, aggregates platelets

Question 34

platelet function factors: platelet activating factor (PAF)

Answer 34

from platelets/neutrophils, activated by platelet activation, aggregates platelets

Question 35

platelet function factors: Thromboxane A2

Answer 35

from phospholipids, activated by PAF, aggregates platelets

Question 36

platelet function factors: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Answer 36

from platelets, activated by platelet activation

Question 37

what triggers fibrinogen

Answer 37

coagulation cascade

Question 38

how do anticoagulants work

Answer 38

1. inhibit platelet adhesion 2. inhibit coagulation cascade + fibrin production

Question 39

causes of coaggulation disorders

Answer 39

1. liver disease 2. cirrhosis 3. vit K deficiency 4. haemophilia 5. low blood platelets

Question 39

examples of anticoagulants

Answer 39

heparin, antithrombin II

Question 39

how does warfarin work as an anticoagulant

Answer 39

blocks vitamin K which is a cofactor in factor II, VII, IX, and X synthesis

Question 40

type A haemophilia

Answer 40

factor VIII deficiency, 80% of cases

Question 41

type B haemophilia

Answer 41

factor IX deficiency, treated w gene therapy

Question 42

4 key players in lymphatic system

Answer 42

1. histamines 2. interleukins 3. bradykinin 4. complement cascade

Question 43

function of antibodies

Answer 43

1. activate B lymphocytes 2. act as opsonins 3. cause antigen clumping 4. activate antibody dependent cellular activity 5. trigger mast cell degeneration 6. activate compliment