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human physiology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

stages of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium -> spermatogonia -> 1º spermatocyte -> 2º spermatocyte -> spermatids -> sperm

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2
Q

what is the precursor to male tracts called

A

wolffian ducts

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3
Q

stages of oogenesis

A

oögonium -> oögonia -> 1ºoocyte -> 1st polar body or 2º oocyte

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4
Q

what gonads develop of SrY gene is present

A

testes

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5
Q

what is the precursor to female tracts called

A

müllerian ducts

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6
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A

lack of testosterone receptors, anatomically female but genetically male

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7
Q

genetic deficiency in conversion of testosterone to DHT

A

genetic male w/ testes, male reproductive tract but female external genetalia

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8
Q

what if adrenal glands secrete weak androgen (dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA))

A

excessive amounts leads to genetic female w male bits

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9
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

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10
Q

sertoli cells

A

support sperm development

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11
Q

how is sperm propelled

A

peristalsis

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12
Q

compartments of the blood-testis barrier

A

luminal compartment and basal compartment

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13
Q

functions of sertoli cells

A
  1. support sperm development
  2. secrete luminal fluid in which sperm develop
  3. secrete androgen-binding protein (androgen buffer)
  4. targetted by testosterone and FSH
  5. secrete inhibin
  6. secrete MIS
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14
Q

how is scrotum temperature regulated

A

dartos and cremaster muscles contract in cold

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15
Q

male reproductive tract

A

semiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epidiymus -> vas deferens

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16
Q

male accessory glands: seminal vesicles

A

secrete alkaline fluid w fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins

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17
Q

male accessory glands: prostate

A

secrete citrate and enzymes

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18
Q

male accessory glands: bulbourethral glands

A

secrete viscous fluid and mucus

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19
Q

Male hormone regulation: Gonadotropins

A

FSH - stimulates gametogenesis

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20
Q

Male hormone regulation: LH

A

stimulates androgen secretion

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21
Q

what part of the sperm has enzymes for fertilisation

A

acrosome

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22
Q

which NS is responsible for erection

A

PNS

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23
Q

which NS is responsible for emission and ejaculation

A

SNS

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24
Q

what receptors are in the erogenous zones of the penis

Study These Flashcards
A

mechanoreceptors

25
what contracts during emission
epidedymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory tract
26
Granulosa cells
targetted by oestrogen and FSH, respond by secreting chemical messengers
27
what do granulosa cells secrete
inhibin and estrogens
28
functions of granulosa cells
1. secrete antral fluid 2. provide nutrients for developing oocyte 3. secrete paracrines to support the follicle 4. secrete inhibin and estrogens 5. secrete substance that forms zona pellucida
29
what is the outer layer of the uterus called
perimetrium
30
what is the middle layer of the uterus called
myometrium
31
what is the inner layer of the uterus called
endometrium
32
what picks up ovum in the fallopian tubes
INFUNDBULUM and FIMBRIAE
33
what happens in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
1. new follicles begin to develop from primordial follicles 2. oocyte grows, granulosa cells proliferate zona pellucida and antrum form 3. dominant follicle develops 4. corona radiata develops 5. graafin follicle (mature) 6. ovulation 7. FSH and estrogens stimulate growth and development
34
what happens in ovulation
wall of graafin follicle ruptures, antral fluid and oocyte flows to ovary surface and is released
35
what does the corpus luteum secrete
estrogens and progesterone
36
what triggers the menstrual phase
decreased estrogens and progesterone when corpus luteum degenerates
37
hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle
estrogen 1st secreted from follicle, then corpus luteum. progesterone secreted from corpus luteum, LH and FSH secreted from anterior pituitary, estrogens and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH secretion
38
what do theca cells do
increase androgen secretion
39
what do theca cells have receptors for
LH
40
actions of estrogens in the follicular phase
1. promote endometrial growth 2. promote oogenesis and follicle development 3. increase LH receptors on granulosa cells 4. increase progesterone receptors on uterus 5. increase LH secretion
41
actions of estrogens in pregnancy
1. promote growth of duct tissue in breasts 2. suppress lactation 3. prolactin secretion increased 4. growth and contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle 5. increase oxytocin receptors 6. promote fluid retention
42
actions of progesterone in luteal phase and pregnancy
1. promote secretory-phase uterine conditions 2. suppress uterine contractile activity 3. promotes growth of glandular tissues in breasts 4. suppresses milk production
43
blastocyst characteristics
lost zona pellucida, has a fluid filled cavity called bastocoele
44
what is the outer layer of a blastocyst called
trophoblast - becomes placenta
45
what does the inner cell mass of a blastocyst become
embryo
46
how does implantation occur
trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest endometrial cells, secretes paracrines to stimulate decidual response
47
3 primary functions of placenta
1. exchange of energy, nutrients and waste 2. immunological barrier between mother and fetus 3. secretes hormones that support the development of the fetus
48
placental hormones: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy and stimulates secretion of testosterone
49
placental hormones: estrogen
stimulates growth of myometrium, increases uterine strength for parturition
50
placental hormones: progesterone
suppresses uterine contractions and promotes formation of cervical mucus plug
51
placental hormones: human chorionic somatomammotropin
reduces maternal use of glucose and promotes breakdown of stored fat
52
placental hormones: relaxin
softens cervix to prep for parturition
53
placental hormones: placental PTHrp
increases maternal plasma Ca2+ levels for calcifying fetal bones
54
how is ovulation prevented in pregnancy
progesterone inhibits GnRH, LH and FSH release, preventing LH surge
55
what is pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
increased BP in woman who are pregnant, eclampsia is large and rapid increase - life threatening
56
what do spasmogens do
increase force and frequency of contractions
57
examples of spasmogens
oxytocin and prostaglandins
58
what do relaxants (tocolytic agents) do + examples
reduce frequency and force of contractions - beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists and mg ions

human physiology (15 decks)

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