endocrine glands 1 and 2

Question 1

what are the different parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 1

anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 2

where does the anterior pituitary grow from

Answer 2

the roof of the mouth

Question 3

where does the posterior pituitary grow from

Answer 3

down from the brain

Question 4

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Answer 4

hypothalamus releases hypothalamic-releasing factors (hormones) into portal vessels to reach the capillary bed of the anterior pituitary. This controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 5

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) axis

Answer 5

leads to increase in LH and FSH which leads to gonads producing sex hormone

Question 6

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) axis

Answer 6

leads to increase in GH which causes liver to produce more IGF-1

Question 7

what is somatostatin

Answer 7

global inhibitory hormone

Question 8

somatostatin axis

Answer 8

inhibits GH and TSH which stops liver/thyroid producing IGF-1/thyroid hormones

Question 9

TRH axis

Answer 9

increases TSH/ prolactin which causes thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones/ allows mammory tissue to produce milk

Question 10

what is TRH

Answer 10

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 11

how is prolactin influenced by the hypothalamus

Answer 11

negatively

Question 12

dopamine axis

Answer 12

inhibits prolactin to stimulate mammory tissue

Question 13

what is CRH

Answer 13

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 14

CRH axis

Answer 14

stimulates ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Question 15

posterior pituitary

Answer 15

neurally connected to hypothalamus

Question 16

actions of vasopressin (AVP) (ADH)

Answer 16

causes vasoconstriction via V1 receptors when higher AVP

Question 17

actions of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (AVP)

Answer 17

increases permeability and re-absorption of water via v2 receptors

Question 18

how is oxytocin release stimulated

Answer 18

by suckling of the nipple and by cervical stimulation (parturition)

Question 19

how does suckling stimulate oxytocin

Answer 19

sensory nerves activated, signal to neuroendocrine cells, signal through neural tract to axon termini and so posterior pituitary releases oxytocin. milk let-down process activated

Question 20

how does the distention of the cervix stimulate oxytocin

Answer 20

nerve fibres stimulated, signal to neuroendocrine cells etc…. results in contraction of uterine smooth muscle

Question 21

actions of oxytocin (3)

Answer 21

1. stimulates milk let-down and expression of breast milk
2. uterine smooth muscle contraction
3. parental/reproductive behaviour ?

Question 22

what does the pineal gland produce

Answer 22

melatonin

Question 23

what does melatonin do

Answer 23

secreted at night to induce sleep, involved in the body’s circadian rhythm

Question 24

where is oxytocin synthesised

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

what are the thyroid hormones (3)

Answer 25

thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), calcitonin

Question 26

where are the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 made and stored

Answer 26

colloid

Question 27

what do the parafollicular C cells do

Answer 27

make calcitonin

Question 28

what do T3 and T4 do (2)

Answer 28

1. increase metabolism of the body by increasing basal metabolic rate (BMR) and increasing the metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats 2. stimulate growth and development particularly in maturation of CNS

Question 29

Action of calcitonin

Answer 29

involved in calcium homeostasis by lowering plasma calcium levels

Question 30

what does the parathyroid gland secrete

Answer 30

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 31

what is the structure of the parathyroid gland

Answer 31

4 small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 32

what does PTH do

Answer 32

increases plasma Ca2+ levels

Question 33

what are 2 antagonistic hormones in the thyroid

Answer 33

PTH and calcitonin

Question 34

where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 34

on top of the kidneys

Question 35

adernal gland structure

Answer 35

the outside is the cortex and the inside is the medulla

Question 36

what is made in the adrenal medulla

Answer 36

catecholamines -> e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

Question 37

what is made in the adrenal cortex

Answer 37

adrenal steroid hormones -> e.g. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), weak androgens (DHEA(S))

Question 38

what is DHEA(S)

Answer 38

dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 39

what cells make adrenaline

Answer 39

chromaffin cells

Question 40

what are chromaffin cells considered to be

Answer 40

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurones (neuroendocrine cells)

Question 41

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex (outside going inwards)

Answer 41

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Question 42

what hormones does the zona glomerulosa make?

Answer 42

mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

Question 43

what does aldosterone do

Answer 43

regulates Na+ and K+ balance and is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (controls blood pressure)

Question 44

what hormones does the zona fasciculata make

Answer 44

glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

Question 45

what hormones does the zona reticularis make

Answer 45

weak androgens

Question 46

what do androgens do to women

Answer 46

pubic hair growth and libido

Question 47

what hormones are the only ones to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 47

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 48

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do

Answer 48

controls endogenous circadian rhythms

Question 49

what do alpha islets of langerhans produce

Answer 49

glucagon

Question 50

what do beta islets of langerhans produce

Answer 50

insulin

Question 51

what do delta islets of langerhans produce

Answer 51

somatostatin

Question 52

what is synergistic activity

Answer 52

when hormones work together to enhance the response

Question 53

what is permissive activity

Answer 53

when one hormone is required to allow a second one to act

Question 54

what is antagonistic activity

Answer 54

when the effects of hormones oppose each other