Blood

Question 1

Circulatory System Functions: Transport

Answer 1

move respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

Question 2

Circulatory System Functions: Protection

Answer 2

clotting prevents blood loss

inflammation, white blood cells, and antibodies fight toxins and infections

Question 3

Circulatory System Functions: Regulation

Answer 3

balancing of fluid levels, pH, and temperature

Question 4

Plasma:

Answer 4

clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)

Question 5

Formed elements:

Answer 5

cells and cell fragments
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets (fragments of bone marrow cells)

Question 6

Blood serum is:

Answer 6

Plasma minus solids and clots

Question 7

Blood plasma characteristics:

Answer 7

92% by weight

has proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases

Question 8

Proteins in blood plasma:

Answer 8

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, enzymes, and others

Question 9

Nutrients in blood plasma:

Answer 9

glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, lipids, and others

Question 10

Electrolytes in blood plasma:

Answer 10

Salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, and others

Question 11

Nitrogenous wastes in blood plasma:

Answer 11

urea and others

Question 12

Gases of blood plasma:

Answer 12

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

Question 13

Erythrocytes:

Answer 13

discoid shape
lacks nucleus, mitochondria, and organelles
carries millions of hemoglobin molecules
molecules on cell membrane determine blood

Question 14

Blood types:

Answer 14

ABO and Rh most common

red blood cells contain glycolipid antigens on membrane

plasma contains antibodies that react against foreign antigens

Question 14

Hemoglobin:

Answer 14

iron containing gas transport protein
found in RBC
four globin with a heme group
ferrous ions in center bind oxygen

Question 15

Rh factor:

Answer 15

D antigen, antibodies are acquired

Question 15

Anemia

Answer 15

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

Question 16

Causes of anemia:

Answer 16

inadequate synthesis, will cause kidney failure and iron-deficiency

hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding

hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

Question 17

Consequences of anemia:

Answer 17

tissue hypoxia, patient is lethargic and short of breath upon exertion

blood osmolarity is reduced producing tissue edema

blood viscosity is low and heart races/blood pressure drops

Question 18

Type A Blood

Answer 18

Antigen A erythrocytes, Anti-B antibodies

Question 19

Type B Blood

Answer 19

Antigen B erythrocytes, Anti-A antibodies

Question 20

Type AB Blood

Answer 20

Antigen A and B erythrocytes, neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 21

Type O Blood

Answer 21

Neither antigen A or B, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 22

Sickle-cell Anemia:

Answer 22

1. hereditary defects that occur mostly among people of African descent
2. caused by recessive allele that modifies structure of Hb (makes HbS)

Question 23

Sickle-cell anemia HbS mechanism:

Answer 23

HbS does not bind oxygen well, cell clump together Can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis

Question 24

Leukocytes (white blood cells):

Answer 24

1. protect against antigens 2. least abundant of formed elements 3. migrate out of the bloodstream and into connective tissues

Question 25

2 types of WBCs:

Answer 25

Arganulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 26

Neutrophils

Answer 26

Question 27

Eosinophils

Answer 27

Question 28

Basophils

Answer 28

Question 29

Monocytes:

Answer 29

Question 30

Lymphocytes

Answer 30

Question 31

Lymphocyte functions (several functional classes indistinguishable by light microscopy):

Answer 31

1. destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells 2. present antigens to activate other cells of immune system 3. coordinate actions of other immune cells 4. secrete antibodies 5. serve in immune memories

Question 32

Platalets

Answer 32

small fragments of megakaryocytes that aid in blood clotting no nucleus vasoconstriction, clot-dissolving, WBC attraction, destruction of bacteria

Question 33

Platelet Production: Thrombopoiesis

Answer 33

1. hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryocytes 2. megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow 3. proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries

Question 34

Hemostasis:

Answer 34

cessation of bleeding

Question 35

Steps of hemostasis (5):

Answer 35

1. platelets release serotonin and clotting factors 2. serotonin triggers vasoconstriction 3. platelet plug seals vessel 4. clotting factors convert fibrinogen to sticky fibrin 5. once crisis has past, platelets secrete growth factors to trigger healing and other factors that cause dissolving of the clot

Question 36

Hemophilia:

Answer 36

bleeding disorder, sex-linked so predominately in males lacks one of the factors involved in coagulation

Question 37

Thrombosis:

Answer 37

abnormal clotting in unbroken blood vessel, can cause stroke or heart attack

Question 38

Thrombus:

Answer 38

clot

Question 39

Embolism:

Answer 39

blockage of an artery by a broken-off clot

Question 40

Pulmonary Embolism:

Answer 40

from deep vein thrombosis in the leg, gets lodged in the lungs

Question 41

Embolus:

Answer 41

clot that has broken free

Question 42

Elderly do not adapt well to stresses on hemopoietic system due to many possible causes such as:

Answer 42

inadequate nutrition inadequate exercise atrophy of kidneys limited cell division of stem cells