Digestive System

Question 1

Ingestion:

Answer 1

intake of food

Question 2

Digestion:

Answer 2

mechanical and chemical breakdown

Question 3

Absorption:

Answer 3

uptake of nutrients

Question 4

Compaction:

Answer 4

absorption of water, consolidation of indigestible residue (w/o it there would be diarrhea)

Question 5

Defecation:

Answer 5

elimination of feces

Question 6

Alimentary canal:

Answer 6

tube from mouth to anus

Question 7

GI tract:

Answer 7

stomach and intestines

Question 8

Mucosa:

Answer 8

Epithelium

Lamina propria: loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle

Question 9

Submucosa:

Answer 9

loose connective tissue with vessels and nerves

Question 10

Muscularis externa:

Answer 10

smooth muscle for propulsion and mixing, has inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

Question 11

Serosa:

Answer 11

areolar tissue topped with simple squamous mesothelium

Question 12

Enteric nervous system (ENS):

Answer 12

nervous network to esophagus, stomach, and intestines

Question 13

(ENS) Submucosal plexus:

Answer 13

in the submucosa

Question 14

(ENS) Myenteric plexus:

Answer 14

between the layers of the muscularis externa

Question 15

Mesenteries:

Answer 15

connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place

Question 16

Mesentery proper:

Answer 16

fan-shaped mesentery that connects to the small intestines

Question 17

Lesser omentum:

Answer 17

extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver

Question 18

Greater omentum:

Answer 18

hangs down like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature

Question 19

Mesocolon:

Answer 19

mesentery of the colon

Question 20

The mouth contains:

Answer 20

oral (buccal) cavity, cheeks, lips, and palate

Question 21

The tongue contains:

Answer 21

lingual papillae, body, root, lingual frenulum

Question 22

Deglutination (swallowing):

Answer 22

coordinated by swallowing center of medulla

1) Voluntary phase
2) Pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
3) Esophageal phase (involuntary)

Question 23

Canines:

Answer 23

puncture and shred

Question 24

Incisors:

Answer 24

chisels

Question 25

Premolar and molars:

Answer 25

crush and grind

Question 26

Teeth:

Answer 26

embedded in mandible or maxilla * gingiva surround neck, enamel covers crown

Question 27

3 extrinsic salivary glands:

Answer 27

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 28

Saliva contains (5):

Answer 28

amylase and lipase mucus lysozyme IgA electrolytes

Question 29

____ and _____ pass food

Answer 29

oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 30

Mucous cells:

Answer 30

mucus

Question 31

Regenerative (stem) cells:

Answer 31

make new cells

Question 32

Parietal cells:

Answer 32

HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin

Question 33

Chief cells:

Answer 33

pepsinogen, gastric lipase

Question 34

Enteroendocrine cells:

Answer 34

hormones

Question 35

Mucous coat:

Answer 35

thick, highly alkaline

Question 36

Stomach features:

Answer 36

tight junctions between epithelial cells prevent seepage of gastric juice epithelial cells are frequently replaced about every 3-6 days

Question 37

Lacteals:

Answer 37

lymphatics for lipid absorption

Question 38

Paneth cells:

Answer 38

enteroendocrine, secrete lysozyme

Question 39

Duodenum (first 25 cm of small intestine):

Answer 39

receives and mixes stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile

Question 40

Major duodenal papilla:

Answer 40

for bile and pancreatic ducts

Question 41

Minor duodenal papilla:

Answer 41

accessory pancreatic duct

Question 42

Jejenum (1 m - 1.7 m of small intestine):

Answer 42

mostly within umbilical region, most digestion and absorption occur here

Question 43

Ileum (1.6 m - 2.7 m of small intestine):

Answer 43

contains peyer patches which are lymphatic nodules, and ileocecal junctions

Question 44

Cecum:

Answer 44

pouch, appendix comes off of it

Question 45

Colon:

Answer 45

Ascending (right) Transverse Descending (on the left) Sigmoid colon (S-shape)

Question 46

Large intestine epithelium is mostly ____

Answer 46

simple columnar exception: anal canal has stratified squamous

Question 47

Large intestine factors:

Answer 47

has intestinal crypts but not villi or circular folds abundant lymphatic tissue mucosa specialized for fluid

Question 48

Liver:

Answer 48

body's largest gland digestive function is bile production

Question 49

The liver produces:

Answer 49

Bilirubin: decomposition of hemoglobin Urobilinogen: metabolizes bilirubin Stercoblin: metabolizes urobilinogen, gives feces brown color Bile acids/lecithin: emulsify fats

Question 50

Liver: hepatic lobules

Answer 50

small cylinders with central vein, radiating plates of hepatocytes

Question 51

Liver: hepatic sinusoids

Answer 51

leaky capillaries

Question 52

Liver: hepatic macrophages

Answer 52

clean blood

Question 53

Liver: bile canaliculi

Answer 53

lead to bile ductules

Question 54

Hepatic Portal System:

Answer 54

Question 55

Gallbladder:

Answer 55

sac on underside of liver, stores and concentrates bile fundus - head cervix - neck

Question 56

Pancreas:

Answer 56

retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach endocrine islets secrete insulin and glucagon exocrine tissue secrete pancreatic juice (enzymes, sodium bicarbonate, water, electrolytes) branching ducts + acinar cells

Question 57

GERD (gastro-esophageal reflex disease):

Answer 57

weakening of lower esophageal sphincter leads to backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus stomach acids irritate the mucosa of the esophagus "heartburn"

Question 58

Barrett esophagus (symptom of GERD):

Answer 58

metaplasia of stratifies squamous into simple columnar epithelium

Question 59

Hiatal hernia:

Answer 59

protrusion of part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity negative thoracic pressure may cause it to balloon

Question 60

Diverticulitis:

Answer 60

presence of inflamed herniations of the colon associated with low-fiber diets may rupture, leading to peritonitis

Question 61

Liver cirrhosis:

Answer 61

irreversible inflammatory disease of liver often caused by alcoholism "cobbly" appearance of hard consistency due to fibrosis and nodular regeneration of damaged tissue obstruction of bile ducts causes jaundice obstruction of circulation causes new vessels to grow and bypass liver, leaving liver subject to hypoxia, further necrosis, and failure