Respiratory System

Question 1

Functions of Repiratory System (4):

Answer 1

1. Gas exchange between air and blood
2. Speech and other vocalization
3. Olfaction
4. Controls pH of body

Question 2

Functions of Repiratory System (3):

Answer 2

1. Aids in regulation of BP by assisting angiotensin II production
2. Helps create pressure gradients for flow for lymph and venous blood
3. Expulsion of abdominal contents (defecation)

Question 3

Conducting division:

Answer 3

passages for air flow (without exchange of gases)

Question 4

Respiratory division:

Answer 4

gas exchenge areas

Question 5

2 divisions of the system:

Answer 5

conducting and respiratory

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract:

Answer 6

nose through larynx

Question 7

Lower repiratory tract:

Answer 7

trachea through lungs

Question 8

Functions of the nose:

Answer 8

1. warms, humidifies, and cleanses air
2. detects odors
3. resonates voice

Question 9

How is the nose externally shaped:

Answer 9

with nasal bones and alar and lateral cartilages

Question 10

Nasal cavity divided into:

Answer 10

left and right nasal fossae

Question 11

Nasal septum features:

Answer 11

• perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
• vomer
• septal cartilage

Question 12

Nostrils are also called ___

Answer 12

external nares

Question 13

Choana:

Answer 13

posterior nasal aperatures

Question 14

Vestibule:

Answer 14

chamber just inside nostril, contains **gaurd hairs and vibrissae **

Question 15

3 projections from the lateral wall:

Answer 15

superior, middle, inferior nasal
conchae

Question 16

3 narrow air passages:

Answer 16

superior, middle, inferior nasal
meatuses

Question 17

Respiratory epithelium:

Answer 17

ciliated pseudostratifies columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 18

Olfactory epithelium:

Answer 18

contains sensory cells

Question 19

Erectile tissue:

Answer 19

extensive venous plexus in the lamina propria of the inferior nasal concha

Question 20

3 parts of the pharynx (superior to inferior)

Answer 20

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 21

Features of nasopharynx:

Answer 21

• posterior to choanae and soft palate
• pharyngeal tonsil
• openign to auditory tube
• psuedostratified epithelium

Question 22

Features of oropharynx:

Answer 22

• posterior margin of soft palate to superior tip of epiglottis
• stratified squamous epithelium

Question 23

Features of laryngopharynx:

Answer 23

• from superior tip of epiglottis to esophagus
• stratified squamous epithelium

Question 24

Larynx:

Answer 24

cartilaginous chamber 4 cm long, keeps food and drink out of airways

Question 25

Epiglottis (an elastic cartilage):

Answer 25

during swallowing, extrinsic laryngeal muscles pull the larynx upward while the tongue pushes the epilgottis downward

Question 26

Vestibular folds (in the larynx) close during ___

Answer 26

swallowing

Question 27

Function of larynx:

Answer 27

phonation - making speech sounds

Question 28

Vocal folds:

Answer 28

inferior, contain the vocal ligaments, produce sound

Question 29

Glottis:

Answer 29

opening between vocal folds

Question 30

Features of trachea:

Answer 30

* 12 cm long * tube lying anterior to esophagus * c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage * trachealis and carina

Question 31

Trachealis:

Answer 31

smooth muscle on posterior aspect of trachea

Question 32

Carina:

Answer 32

internal median ridge on lowest tracheal cartilage *inferior end splits to form 2 main bronchi

Question 33

Inner lining of tracheal wall contains:

Answer 33

respiratory epithelium, basal stem cells, and mucociliary escalator

Question 34

Adventita of tracheal wall:

Answer 34

outermost connective tissue connected trachea to neighboring organs

Question 35

2 primary (main) bronchi:

Answer 35

right is wider and more vertical than the left

Question 36

Lobular (secondary) bronchi:

Answer 36

3 right and 2 left

Question 37

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi:

Answer 37

10 right and 3 left

Question 38

Bronchioles:

Answer 38

* 1 mm or less in diameter * each bronchiole splits into over 50 terminal bronchioles

Question 39

Terminal bronchioles:

Answer 39

final branches of conducting zone

Question 40

Respiratory bronchioles:

Answer 40

have alveoli

Question 41

Alveolar ducts:

Answer 41

elongated

Question 42

Alveolar sacs:

Answer 42

cluster around atrium

Question 43

Left lung has ...

Answer 43

cardiac impression and cardiac notch

Question 44

Squamous (type I) alveolar cells cover __

Answer 44

95% of surface area

Question 45

Great (type II) alveolar cells cover __

Answer 45

5% of surface area *they outnumber type I cells, produce surfacant, and repair alveolar epithelium

Question 46

Dust cells:

Answer 46

alveolar macrophages

Question 47

Sites of gas exchange:

Answer 47

1. squamous alveolar cell 2. basement membrane 3. capillary endothelial cells

Question 48

Plueral cavity:

Answer 48

potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae, contains pleural fluid

Question 49

Functions of the pleurae:

Answer 49

* reduce friction with respiratory movements * create pressure gradient (thorax movement change pressure( * compartmentalizatioin (prevents spread of infections to other organs)

Question 50

Diaphragm:

Answer 50

* prime mover of pulmonary ventilation * contraction oulls it down and enlarges thoracic cavity for inspirationi * relaxes for expiration

Question 50

External intercostal mm:

Answer 50

elevate the ribs

Question 51

Internal intercostal mm:

Answer 51

depresses the ribs (costal part elevats the ribs (intercartilaginous part)

Question 52

Respiratory centers in the medulla oblangata:

Answer 52

VRG: ventral respiratry group DRG: dorsal respiratory group

Question 53

VRG function:

Answer 53

primary respiratory pacemaker

Question 54

DRG function:

Answer 54

signals VRG to modify breathing

Question 55

Respiratory center in the pons:

Answer 55

pontine respiratory group

Question 56

Why does ventilation decrease after the 20's?

Answer 56

loss of elasticity in the lungs, thoracic cage

Question 57

Aging respiratory system:

Answer 57

1. fewer alveoli in old age 2. elderly less capable of clearing pathogens and get more infections 3. obstructive pulmonary diseases are more common in elderly

Question 58

Respiratory Membrane in Health and Disease: Normal

Answer 58

Question 59

Respiratory Membrane in Health and Disease: Pneumonia

Answer 59

Question 60

Respiratory Membrane in Health and Disease: Emphysema

Answer 60