Blood Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Blood volume is
A
5 - 5.5 L in adults
2
Q
Blood composition :
A
55% plasma
45% cells
3
Q
percentage of water in plasma :
A
90%
4
Q
Plasma proteins concentration :
A
7.2 - 7.4 g/dL
5
Q
Plasma protein composition
A
Albumin 3.5 - 5 g/dL
Globulins 2.5 g/dL
6
Q
Albumin/Globulin ratio =
A
1.2 - 1.6
7
Q
A/G ratio decreases in which diseases ?
A
Kidney & Liver diseases
8
Q
Name 6 functions of plasma proteins :
A
Osmotic, Transport, Defensive, Hemostatic, Buffer functions & Diet reserve
9
Q
The osmotic pressure of plasma proteins is called :
A
Oncotic pressure
10
Q
Oncotic pressure due to
A
Albumin
11
Q
Oncotic pressure is important for
A
Preventing excessive loss of plasma fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial
12
Q
Decrease plasma proteins leads to
A
Edema
13
Q
RBCs count =
A
Male= 5.5 million/mm3
Female= 5 million/mm3
14
Q
RBC shape
A
Biconcave disc
15
Q
Average volume of RBC is around
A
90 fL
16
Q
Biconcave shape gives RBC :
A
maximum surface area with least size to carry more hemoglobin
17
Q
Hemoglobin content =
A
Male= 15-16 g/dl
Female= 13-14 g/dl
18
Q
Globin consists of four polypeptide chains & each chain is attached to
A
one heme molecule
19
Q
Heme consists of
A
protoporphyrin attached to ferrous
20
Q
Hb transports
A
oxygen & carbon dioxide
21
Q
Hb has powerful
A
buffer action
22
Q
MCV =
A
80 - 95 fL
23
Q
RBC production takes place where in fetus :
A
Liver & Slpeen
24
Q
RBC production takes place where in children :
A
Bone marrow of all bones
25
RBC production takes place where in above 20 yrs adults :
bone marrow of Skull, Sternum, Ribs, Vertebrae, Hip bones
26
Factors affecting erythropoises are :
Healthy bone marrow, Erythropoietin hormone, Nutrients as (iron, vit B12, folic acid, protein)
27
Erythropoietin hormone is secreted by
Liver 15%
Kidney 85%
28
Erythropoietin hormone secreted is stimulated by
Hypoxia
29
Erythropoietin hormone stimulates
Erythropoiesis
30
Iron :
dissolved by
reduced by
absorbed in
transported to
stored in liver as
essential for synthesis
dissolved by Gastric HCL ,
reduced by Vitamin C ,
absorbed in Duodenum ,
transported to Transferrin ,
stored in liver as Ferritin ,
essential for synthesis of heme.
31
Vitamin B12 :
glycoprotein called
absorbed from
transported to
essential for synthesis
glycoprotein called Intrinsic factor ,
absorbed from ileum ,
transported to Transcobalamin ,
essential for synthesis DNA & Mylein sheath.
32
Folic acid :
absorbed in :
essential for :
is absorbed in Small intestine & essential for DNA synthesis.
33
Life span of RBC
120 days
34
Old RBC are hemolyzed in
Spleen
35
Anemia is decrease in RBC count & Hb content, leading to impaired
Oxygen
36
Normocytic anemia is anemia with
Normal size of RBC
37
Anemia due decrease RBC synthesis
Aplastic anemia
38
Anemia due to acute hemolysis of RBCs
Hemolytic anemia
39
Anemia due to acute blood loss
Hemorrhagic anemia
40
Microcytic anemia is anemia with
Small size RBCs
41
Microcytic anemia causes
Iron deficiency anemia
42
Macrocytic anemia is anemia with
Large size RBC
43
Macrocytic anemia causes
Vitamin B12 or Folic acid deficiency anemia
44
RBC count and Hb content above normal :
Polycythemia
45
Polycythemia maybe physiological as
People living in high altitudes
46
Polycythemia maybe pathological as in
Hypoxia due to heart or lung diseases
47
In blood group A: agglutinogen & agglutinin are
agglutinogen is A
agglutinin is Anti B
48
In blood group B: agglutinogen & agglutinin are
agglutinogen is B
agglutinin is Anti A
49
In blood group AB: agglutinogen & agglutinin are
agglutinogen is A&B
agglutinin is none
50
In blood group O: agglutinogen & agglutinin are
agglutinogen is none
agglutinin is Anti A & Anti B
51
Group O is universal
Donor
52
Group AB is universal
Recipient
53
Name the test that should be done before blood transfusion :
Cross matching test
54
Rh positive have
D antigen
55
Rh negative have
NO D antigen
56
WBCs count =
4000 - 11000/ mm3
57
Granulocytes :
Neutrophils : 50-70%
Eosinophils : 1-4%
Basophils : <1%
58
Arganulocytes :
Lymphocytes : 20-40%
Monocytes : 2-8%
59
Neutrophils are important for defense against
Bacterial infection
60
Phagocytosis :
neutrophils engulf & kill bacteria
61
Eosinophils attach themselves & release substances that kill :
Parasites
62
Basophils contain :
Histamine
63
Chemotaxes :
neutrophils are attached toward site of injured tissues
64
Diapedesis :
neutrophils squeeze themselves out of blood capillaries to reach bacteria
65
Movement :
neutrophils move by pseudopods through tissue to reach bacteria
66
Lymphocytes include :
Natural killer cells, T & B lymphocytes.
67
Monocytes are
phagocytic cells
68
Large monocytes are
Macrophage
69
Inflammation is characterized by
redness & swelling of tissues
70
Leukocytosis :
Increase WBC count
71
Leukopenia :
Decrease WBC count
72
Leukemia is
Malignant disease
73
Innate immunity develops
without previous exposure
74
Barriers as
Skin, mucous membrane
75
Cellular as
Neutrophils, monocytes
76
Humoral as
Lysozymes, complement system
77
Acquired immunity develops
After exposure
78
Helper T cell :
Stimulate immune response
79
Cytotoxic T cell attack :
virus infected cells & tumor cells
80
When activated, B lymphocytes become transformed into :
Plasma cells which produce antibodies
81
Some B lymphocytes become transformed into :
memory B cells
82
Antibodies inactivate antigens by :
Neutralization, Agglutination, Activation of complement system.
83
Ig M :
responsible for :
Pentamer
Primary immune response
84
Ig G :
responsible for :
Monomer
Secondary immune response
85
Ig A :
found in :
Dimer
Secretion
86
Ig E :
found on the surface of :
cause :
Monomer
Basophils
Histamine
87
Ig D :
found on surface of :
acting as :
Monomer
B cells
Receptor
88
Hemostasis is the mechanism which
limits blood loss when a vessel is injured
89
Local vasoconstriction response is to
Constrict
90
After adhesion platelet :
put out :
secrete :
Swell
Cellular projections
ADP, PAF, Thromboxane A2
91
Platelets stick to each other to form
platelet plug in small injury
92
what is required in large injury
blood clot
93
Blood coagulation (blood clotting) changes blood from :
Fluid to form Semisolid mass (blood clot).
94
Active factor X converts prothrombin to :
Thrombin (in presence of factor V)
95
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to :
Fibrin monomer
96
Clot retraction contracts pulling :
Edges of the wound
97
Breaking down fibrin by enzyme :
Plasmin
98
Thrombocytopenia purpura is disease caused by :
characterized by :
Decrease platelets
Petechiae
99
Vitamin K important for synthesis of factors II, VII, IX & X in the :
its deficiency leads to :
Liver
Decrease these factors & impaired coagulation.
100
Vitamin K deficiency maybe be caused by prolonged use of :
Antibiotics & in liver disease
101
Hemophilia inherited :
transmitted from mother to :
Sex linked
Boys
102
Hemophilia C is characterized by
Severe prolonged bleeding on mild trauma
103
Thrombosis is formation of :
Blood clot
104
Thrombosis treated by :
Anticoagulants
105
Heparin in anticoagulants increases :
Antithrombin activity
106
Warfarin & Dicoumarol in anticoagulants competes with :
Vitamin K
