Components of blood
Living cells: RBC, WBC, platelets
Nonliving matrix: plasma
Fibers/clotting fibers
What is blood?
- connective tissue
- vascular
- surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma)
Plasma
Liquid part of blood in which blood cells, nutrients, and hormones float
Serum
Fluid part of blood without the clotting factors or blood cells
Serum = plasma - clotting factors
Centrifuges Erythrocytes
Sinks to Bottom
45% called hematocrit
Centrifuged leukocytes
Buffy coat (between RBC'-plasma) 1% leukocytes & platelets
Centrifuged plasma
Rises to top
55%
Non living
Erythrocytes per mm3
5 million
Leukocytes per mm3
4-11,000
Platelets per mm3
250,000-400,000
Ph level
7.35-7.45
Blood temp
100.4 F
Blood volume in body
8% of body weight
5-6 liters, or 6 quarts
Substances in blood plasma
90% water Nutrients Salts Respiratory gases Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies
Acidosis
Ph < 7.35
Alkalosis
Ph > 7.45
Albumin
Made in liver
Regulates osmotic pressure
Features/functions of erythrocytes
Carry oxygen
Bi concave disks
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Bags of hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin
Iron containing protein
Bonds strong, but reversible to oxy
How much hemoglobin is in 100 mL of blood?
12-16 g
What is anemia
Decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood (decrease in hemoglobin)
Most common type of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Types of anemia
Iron deficiency Thalassemia Hemolytic Sickle cell Aplastic
Cause of sickle cell anemia
6th amino acid (glutamic) is replaced by valine changing cells function and structure
Good=glutamic
Evil=valine
Conditions caused by sickle cell anemia
Dactylitis-swelling of fingers/toes due to clotting
Bone marrow expansion-bone deformities cause by stimulation to produce RBC’s
Bone infractions-spleen gets clogged, cells block blood vessels
What is polycythemia
Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase in RBC
Increased RBC slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity
Causes of polycythemia
- bone marrow cancer (tumors)
- life at high altitudes
- kidney cancers (senses O2 in blood)
Function of leukocytes
-Body’s defense against disease
Structure of leukocytes
Contains lots of lysosomes
Has nucleus
Has organelles
Define diapedesis
Leukocytes ability to move in and out of blood vessels
Define chemotaxis
Leukocytes response to chemicals released by damaged tissues
What causes an abnormality in leukocytes
Infection
What is leukocytosis
- indicates an infection or leukemia
- WBC count above 11,000
Define leukemia
Bone marrow becomes cancerous and makes excess immature and functionless WBC
Define leukopenia
- abnormally low WBC levels
- caused by immunosuppressive drugs and anticancer agents
Name the 3 granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Structure of granulocytes
- contains granules
- granules will be stained (acidic/basic)
- lobed nuclei
Name the 2 agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Structure of agranulocytes
- lacks granules
- nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped
List of WBCs from most to least abundant
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
What is the mother stem cell for division
Hemocytoblast
The two stem smells that divide from the hemocytoblast
Lymphoid stem cell
Myeloid stem cell
What do lymphoid stem cells produce
Lymphocytes
What do myeloid stem cells produce
Neutrophils Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Platelets Erythrocytes
Function and % of neutrophils
- function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
- 40-70% of WBCs
Function and % of eosinophils
- kills parasitic worms, plays role in allergy attacks
- 1-4% of WBCs
Function and % of basophils
-release histamine at inflammation sites
-contains heparin (anticoagulant)
0-1% of WBCs
Function and % of lymphocytes
- function as part of immune response
- 20-45% of WBCs
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes and their functions
B- produces antibodies
T- graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses
Function and % of monocytes
-function as macrophages
-fights chronic infections (TB)
4-8% of WBCs
What are platelets and what cell are they derived from
- cell fragments
- derived from megakaryocytes
Where hematopiesis is created and its function
- from hemocytoblast
- occurs in red bone marrow
- blood cell formation
2 types of leukemia and where they derive from
Lymphocytic-lymphoid stem cell
Myelocytic-myeloid stem cell
Acute or chronic
How long do erythrocytes live
100-120 days
What eliminates worn out erythrocytes
Spleen or liver
What is erythropoietin
Hormone produced by kidney in response to reduced oxygen levels in blood causing bone marrow to produce RBCs
What forms WBCs
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
What is thrombopoietin
Stimulates production of platelets
What is hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
The 3 stages of hemostasis
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
What happens during vascular spasms
Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
Spasm narrows blood vessel decreasing blood loss
What happens during platelet plug formation
Collagen fibers exposed by break in blood vessel
Platelets become sticky
Chemicals released to attract more platelets
Platelets pile and form plug
What happens during coagulation
Injured tissues release TF
TF (phospholipid) interacts with blood protein clotting factors. Calcium ions trigger clotting
Prothrombin activator coverts it to thrombin
Thrombin joins fibrinogen to insoluble fiber
Fibrin makes mesh work
How long does it take for a clot to form
3 to 6 minutes
What is a thrombus
Stationary clot
What is an embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and moves
Consequences of blood transfusions
15-30% causes weakness
Over 30% causes shock
Transfusion must be from the same blood group
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency
Low platelets can cause bleeding without the ability to clot
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Clotting factors are missing
What is the ion essential for blood clotting
Calcium
What medication can lead to platelet dysfunction
Aspirin, ephedrine
What plasma proteins are created by the liver
Albumin
Fibrinogen
What plasma protein is produced by WBCs
Globulins
