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A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(74 cards)

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0
Q

Components of blood

A

Living cells: RBC, WBC, platelets
Nonliving matrix: plasma
Fibers/clotting fibers

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1
Q

What is blood?

A
  • connective tissue
  • vascular
  • surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma)
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2
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood in which blood cells, nutrients, and hormones float

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3
Q

Serum

A

Fluid part of blood without the clotting factors or blood cells

Serum = plasma - clotting factors

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4
Q

Centrifuges Erythrocytes

A

Sinks to Bottom

45% called hematocrit

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5
Q

Centrifuged leukocytes

A 
Buffy coat (between RBC'-plasma)
1% leukocytes & platelets
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6
Q

Centrifuged plasma

A

Rises to top
55%
Non living

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7
Q

Erythrocytes per mm3

A

5 million

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8
Q

Leukocytes per mm3

A

4-11,000

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9
Q

Platelets per mm3

A

250,000-400,000

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10
Q

Ph level

A

7.35-7.45

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11
Q

Blood temp

A

100.4 F

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12
Q

Blood volume in body

A

8% of body weight

5-6 liters, or 6 quarts

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13
Q

Substances in blood plasma

A 
90% water
Nutrients
Salts
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Plasma proteins
Waste products
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14
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies

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15
Q

Acidosis

A

Ph < 7.35

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16
Q

Alkalosis

A

Ph > 7.45

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17
Q

Albumin

A

Made in liver

Regulates osmotic pressure

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18
Q

Features/functions of erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen
Bi concave disks
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Bags of hemoglobin

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19
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Iron containing protein

Bonds strong, but reversible to oxy

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20
Q

How much hemoglobin is in 100 mL of blood?

A

12-16 g

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21
Q

What is anemia

A

Decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood (decrease in hemoglobin)

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22
Q

Most common type of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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23
Q

Types of anemia

A 
Iron deficiency 
Thalassemia 
Hemolytic
Sickle cell
Aplastic
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24
Cause of sickle cell anemia
6th amino acid (glutamic) is replaced by valine changing cells function and structure Good=glutamic Evil=valine
25
Conditions caused by sickle cell anemia
Dactylitis-swelling of fingers/toes due to clotting Bone marrow expansion-bone deformities cause by stimulation to produce RBC's Bone infractions-spleen gets clogged, cells block blood vessels
26
What is polycythemia
Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase in RBC Increased RBC slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity
27
Causes of polycythemia
- bone marrow cancer (tumors) - life at high altitudes - kidney cancers (senses O2 in blood)
28
Function of leukocytes
-Body's defense against disease
29
Structure of leukocytes
Contains lots of lysosomes Has nucleus Has organelles
30
Define diapedesis
Leukocytes ability to move in and out of blood vessels
31
Define chemotaxis
Leukocytes response to chemicals released by damaged tissues
32
What causes an abnormality in leukocytes
Infection
33
What is leukocytosis
- indicates an infection or leukemia | - WBC count above 11,000
34
Define leukemia
Bone marrow becomes cancerous and makes excess immature and functionless WBC
35
Define leukopenia
- abnormally low WBC levels | - caused by immunosuppressive drugs and anticancer agents
36
Name the 3 granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
37
Structure of granulocytes
- contains granules - granules will be stained (acidic/basic) - lobed nuclei
38
Name the 2 agranulocytes
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
39
Structure of agranulocytes
- lacks granules | - nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped
40
List of WBCs from most to least abundant Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```
41
What is the mother stem cell for division
Hemocytoblast
42
The two stem smells that divide from the hemocytoblast
Lymphoid stem cell | Myeloid stem cell
43
What do lymphoid stem cells produce
Lymphocytes
44
What do myeloid stem cells produce
``` Neutrophils Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Platelets Erythrocytes ```
45
Function and % of neutrophils
- function as phagocytes at active sites of infection | - 40-70% of WBCs
46
Function and % of eosinophils
- kills parasitic worms, plays role in allergy attacks | - 1-4% of WBCs
47
Function and % of basophils
-release histamine at inflammation sites -contains heparin (anticoagulant) 0-1% of WBCs
48
Function and % of lymphocytes
- function as part of immune response | - 20-45% of WBCs
49
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes and their functions
B- produces antibodies | T- graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses
50
Function and % of monocytes
-function as macrophages -fights chronic infections (TB) 4-8% of WBCs
51
What are platelets and what cell are they derived from
- cell fragments | - derived from megakaryocytes
52
Where hematopiesis is created and its function
- from hemocytoblast - occurs in red bone marrow - blood cell formation
53
2 types of leukemia and where they derive from
Lymphocytic-lymphoid stem cell Myelocytic-myeloid stem cell Acute or chronic
54
How long do erythrocytes live
100-120 days
55
What eliminates worn out erythrocytes
Spleen or liver
56
What is erythropoietin
Hormone produced by kidney in response to reduced oxygen levels in blood causing bone marrow to produce RBCs
57
What forms WBCs
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
58
What is thrombopoietin
Stimulates production of platelets
59
What is hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
60
The 3 stages of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasms 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
61
What happens during vascular spasms
Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm | Spasm narrows blood vessel decreasing blood loss
62
What happens during platelet plug formation
Collagen fibers exposed by break in blood vessel Platelets become sticky Chemicals released to attract more platelets Platelets pile and form plug
63
What happens during coagulation
Injured tissues release TF TF (phospholipid) interacts with blood protein clotting factors. Calcium ions trigger clotting Prothrombin activator coverts it to thrombin Thrombin joins fibrinogen to insoluble fiber Fibrin makes mesh work
64
How long does it take for a clot to form
3 to 6 minutes
65
What is a thrombus
Stationary clot
66
What is an embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and moves
67
Consequences of blood transfusions
15-30% causes weakness Over 30% causes shock Transfusion must be from the same blood group
68
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency | Low platelets can cause bleeding without the ability to clot
69
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder | Clotting factors are missing
70
What is the ion essential for blood clotting
Calcium
71
What medication can lead to platelet dysfunction
Aspirin, ephedrine
72
What plasma proteins are created by the liver
Albumin | Fibrinogen
73
What plasma protein is produced by WBCs
Globulins

A&P II (3 decks)

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