Blood Flashcards Preview

A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Flashcards in Blood Deck (74)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Components of blood

A

Living cells: RBC, WBC, platelets
Nonliving matrix: plasma
Fibers/clotting fibers

1
Q

What is blood?

A
  • connective tissue
  • vascular
  • surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma)
2
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood in which blood cells, nutrients, and hormones float

3
Q

Serum

A

Fluid part of blood without the clotting factors or blood cells

Serum = plasma - clotting factors

4
Q

Centrifuges Erythrocytes

A

Sinks to Bottom

45% called hematocrit

5
Q

Centrifuged leukocytes

A
Buffy coat (between RBC'-plasma)
1% leukocytes & platelets
6
Q

Centrifuged plasma

A

Rises to top
55%
Non living

7
Q

Erythrocytes per mm3

A

5 million

8
Q

Leukocytes per mm3

A

4-11,000

9
Q

Platelets per mm3

A

250,000-400,000

10
Q

Ph level

A

7.35-7.45

11
Q

Blood temp

A

100.4 F

12
Q

Blood volume in body

A

8% of body weight

5-6 liters, or 6 quarts

13
Q

Substances in blood plasma

A
90% water
Nutrients
Salts
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Plasma proteins
Waste products
14
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies

15
Q

Acidosis

A

Ph < 7.35

16
Q

Alkalosis

A

Ph > 7.45

17
Q

Albumin

A

Made in liver

Regulates osmotic pressure

18
Q

Features/functions of erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen
Bi concave disks
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Bags of hemoglobin

19
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Iron containing protein

Bonds strong, but reversible to oxy

20
Q

How much hemoglobin is in 100 mL of blood?

A

12-16 g

21
Q

What is anemia

A

Decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood (decrease in hemoglobin)

22
Q

Most common type of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

23
Q

Types of anemia

A
Iron deficiency 
Thalassemia 
Hemolytic
Sickle cell
Aplastic
24
Q

Cause of sickle cell anemia

A

6th amino acid (glutamic) is replaced by valine changing cells function and structure

Good=glutamic
Evil=valine

25
Q

Conditions caused by sickle cell anemia

A

Dactylitis-swelling of fingers/toes due to clotting

Bone marrow expansion-bone deformities cause by stimulation to produce RBC’s

Bone infractions-spleen gets clogged, cells block blood vessels

26
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase in RBC

Increased RBC slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity

27
Q

Causes of polycythemia

A
  • bone marrow cancer (tumors)
  • life at high altitudes
  • kidney cancers (senses O2 in blood)
28
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

-Body’s defense against disease

29
Q

Structure of leukocytes

A

Contains lots of lysosomes
Has nucleus
Has organelles

30
Q

Define diapedesis

A

Leukocytes ability to move in and out of blood vessels

31
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Leukocytes response to chemicals released by damaged tissues

32
Q

What causes an abnormality in leukocytes

A

Infection

33
Q

What is leukocytosis

A
  • indicates an infection or leukemia

- WBC count above 11,000

34
Q

Define leukemia

A

Bone marrow becomes cancerous and makes excess immature and functionless WBC

35
Q

Define leukopenia

A
  • abnormally low WBC levels

- caused by immunosuppressive drugs and anticancer agents

36
Q

Name the 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

37
Q

Structure of granulocytes

A
  • contains granules
  • granules will be stained (acidic/basic)
  • lobed nuclei
38
Q

Name the 2 agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

39
Q

Structure of agranulocytes

A
  • lacks granules

- nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped

40
Q

List of WBCs from most to least abundant

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes
Eosinophils 
Basophils
41
Q

What is the mother stem cell for division

A

Hemocytoblast

42
Q

The two stem smells that divide from the hemocytoblast

A

Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloid stem cell

43
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce

A

Lymphocytes

44
Q

What do myeloid stem cells produce

A
Neutrophils 
Monocytes 
Eosinophils 
Basophils 
Platelets 
Erythrocytes
45
Q

Function and % of neutrophils

A
  • function as phagocytes at active sites of infection

- 40-70% of WBCs

46
Q

Function and % of eosinophils

A
  • kills parasitic worms, plays role in allergy attacks

- 1-4% of WBCs

47
Q

Function and % of basophils

A

-release histamine at inflammation sites
-contains heparin (anticoagulant)
0-1% of WBCs

48
Q

Function and % of lymphocytes

A
  • function as part of immune response

- 20-45% of WBCs

49
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes and their functions

A

B- produces antibodies

T- graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses

50
Q

Function and % of monocytes

A

-function as macrophages
-fights chronic infections (TB)
4-8% of WBCs

51
Q

What are platelets and what cell are they derived from

A
  • cell fragments

- derived from megakaryocytes

52
Q

Where hematopiesis is created and its function

A
  • from hemocytoblast
  • occurs in red bone marrow
  • blood cell formation
53
Q

2 types of leukemia and where they derive from

A

Lymphocytic-lymphoid stem cell
Myelocytic-myeloid stem cell

Acute or chronic

54
Q

How long do erythrocytes live

A

100-120 days

55
Q

What eliminates worn out erythrocytes

A

Spleen or liver

56
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced by kidney in response to reduced oxygen levels in blood causing bone marrow to produce RBCs

57
Q

What forms WBCs

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes

58
Q

What is thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates production of platelets

59
Q

What is hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel

60
Q

The 3 stages of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
61
Q

What happens during vascular spasms

A

Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm

Spasm narrows blood vessel decreasing blood loss

62
Q

What happens during platelet plug formation

A

Collagen fibers exposed by break in blood vessel
Platelets become sticky
Chemicals released to attract more platelets
Platelets pile and form plug

63
Q

What happens during coagulation

A

Injured tissues release TF
TF (phospholipid) interacts with blood protein clotting factors. Calcium ions trigger clotting
Prothrombin activator coverts it to thrombin
Thrombin joins fibrinogen to insoluble fiber
Fibrin makes mesh work

64
Q

How long does it take for a clot to form

A

3 to 6 minutes

65
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Stationary clot

66
Q

What is an embolus

A

A thrombus that breaks away and moves

67
Q

Consequences of blood transfusions

A

15-30% causes weakness
Over 30% causes shock
Transfusion must be from the same blood group

68
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Platelet deficiency

Low platelets can cause bleeding without the ability to clot

69
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary bleeding disorder

Clotting factors are missing

70
Q

What is the ion essential for blood clotting

A

Calcium

71
Q

What medication can lead to platelet dysfunction

A

Aspirin, ephedrine

72
Q

What plasma proteins are created by the liver

A

Albumin

Fibrinogen

73
Q

What plasma protein is produced by WBCs

A

Globulins