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A&P II > Lymph And Respiratory > Flashcards

Lymph And Respiratory Flashcards

(105 cards)

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0
Q

Properties of lymphatic vessels

A

One way pump toward heart
No pump
Pushes lymph towards heart

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1
Q

Name the 2 parts of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic(s) vessels

Lymphoid tissue/organs

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2
Q

Composition of lymph

A

Similar to plasma
Has Buffy coat
Extra lymphocytes
Looks like milk

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3
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels

A

Right duct-drains right side

Thoracic duct-drains LE/left side

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4
Q

Lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis

A

Enlargement and change inconsistency of lymph node secondary to inflammation

Painless=cancer

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5
Q

What could cause damage or blockage to lymphatic vessels

A

Following surgery
Radiation therapy
Malignant tumors
Parasitic worms (filariasis)

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6
Q

Defense cells within lymph nodes

A

Macrophages-eat foreign substances

Lymphocytes-provides immune response to antigens

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7
Q

Lymph node cortex

A

Outer part

Contains follicles - Collections of lymphocytes

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8
Q

Lymph node structure medulla

A

Core
Inner part
Contains macrophages

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9
Q

Flow of lymph through nodes

A

Enter convex/afferent side
Through sinuses inside node
Exit efferent side

Fewer efferent

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10
Q

What are the organs that contribute to lymphatic function

A

Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyers patch

Last 3 are lymph nodes

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11
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Left side of abdomen

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12
Q

What does the thymus gland produces and where it is located

A

In throat, over heart

Produces thymosin to program lymphocytes

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13
Q

What do tonsils do and location

A

Trap and remove bacteria

Around the pharynx

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14
Q

Location and function of Peyers patches

A

Wall of small intestine

Captures and destroy bacteria in the intestines

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15
Q

What are the body’s two defenses for foreign materials

A

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

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16
Q

Name the four most common indicators of acute inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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17
Q

Diapedesis

A

Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls to site of inflammation

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury and consume any foreign material present

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19
Q

What do you monocytes become in order to complete disposal of Cell debris

A

Macrophages

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20
Q

2 most important chemical proteins

A 
Complement proteins (bacteria)
Interferon (viruses)
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21
Q

How can heat regulation be reset through the hypothalamus

A

By pyrogens, secreted by WBCs

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity

A

Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated immunity

Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity

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23
Q

Antigens that provoke an immune response

A 
Foreign proteins (strongest)
Nucleic acids
Large carbs
Some lipids
Pollen grains
Microorganisms
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24
B for bone, T for thymus
B cells | T cells
25
Where do macrophages arise from
Monocytes
26
How long is the activity of most B cells
4-5 days
27
How long do memory cells last
8-10 years
28
Active immunity
Naturally acquired through bacterial/viral infections | Artificially required through vaccines
29
Passive immunity
When antibodies are obtained through someone else Think mother to fetus
30
Naturally acquired immunity
Active-contact with pathogen | Passive-placenta
31
Artificially acquired immunity
Active-vaccine | Passive-injection of immune serum
32
Five major immunoglobulin classes (Igs)
MADGE
33
Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
Igs
34
Igs that can pass the placenta barrier
IgG
35
Igs involved in allergies
IgE
36
inactivate antigens antibodies function
Complement fixation Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation
37
The T cell clones
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells - kill infected cells with perforin Helper T cells - recruit other cells (B) Regulatory T cells - suppresses activity of T/B
38
Autografts
She transplanted from one site to another in the same person Skin graft
39
Isograft
Tissue from identical twin
40
Allografts
Tissue from unrelated person
41
Xenografts
Tissue from different species -never works
42
Allergies (hypersensitivity) abnormal vigorous immune responses
Histamine from IgE
43
Immunodeficiency. Abnormal function of immune cells
AIDS | Full bone transplant
44
Autoimmune diseases. Immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself
Myasthenia gravis Type 1 diabetes RA Lupus
45
Self proteins that have not been exposed to the immune system
Eggs Sperm Eye lens Protiens in thyroid gland
46
What dies has exchange occure
Alveoli
47
What does the passageway to the lungs do to air
Purify Humidify Warms incoming air
48
What is the nasal cavity divided by
Nasal septum
49
Where are the olfactory receptors located
Superior surface of nasal cavity
50
What is the respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Are one layer on basement membrane
51
What are the conchae or turbinates
Projections that increase surface area | Increases air turbulence
52
What separates the oral from the nasal cavity?
Anterior hard palate (bone) | Posterior soft palate (muscle)
53
What bone have sinuses
Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillary
54
Nasopharynx
Superior region behind nasal cavity
55
Oropharynx
Middle region behind mouth
56
Laryngopharynx
Inferior region attached to larynx
57
Where do the pharygotympanic tubes open into
Nasopharynx
58
Inflammation of the adenoid can lead to the obstruction of what
Pharyngotympanic tube
59
Functions of the larynx
Roots air in food into proper channels | Plays a role in speech
60
Thyroid cartilage
``` Largest of the hyaline cartilages Protrudes anteriorly (Adams apple) ```
61
Epiglottis
Roots food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea
62
What is the difference of the right bronchus
Wider Shorter Straighter then left
63
How many lives in left and right lungs
Left - 2 | Right - 3
64
What are the bronchial tree divisions
``` Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles ```
65
What lines alveolar walls
Squamous epithelial layer
66
How does gas cross the respiratory membrane
Diffusion
67
Surfactant
(A lipid molecule) coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
68
Pulmonary ventilation
Moving air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
69
External respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
70
Respiratory gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide be via the bloodstream
71
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells and systemic capillaries
72
4 events of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Respiratory gas transport Internal respiration
73
Inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract decreases in gas pressure Increase in intrapulmonary volume
74
Expiration
Passive process | Increase gas pressure
75
Bronchial sounds
Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi
76
Vesicular breathing sounds
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli
77
How many mL of air does normal breathing move
500 mL
78
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be taken in forcefully over the tidal volume 3100 mL
79
Exploratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can forcibly exhaled 1200 mL
80
Residual volume
Air remaining in long after expiration 1200 mL
81
Functional volume
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone About 350 mL
82
Spirometry
The test done to measure lung volumes and airflow speed during inspiration and expiration
83
Blood leaving the lungs is oxy...
Rich and co2 poor
84
O2 attaches to hemoglobin to creat
Oxyhemoglobin HbO2
85
Co2 in blood plasma is transferred by
Bicarbonate ion HCO-3
86
exchange of gases between blood and body cells are called
Loading (co2 diffuses out of blood to tissue) | Unloading (O2 diffuses from blood into tissue)
87
What activates respiratory muscles
Phrenic and intercoastal nerves
88
What neural centers control rate and depth of breathing
Medulla | Pons
89
Medulla
Sets rhythm
90
Pons
Smooth respiratory rates
91
Normal respiration
12-18 bpm
92
What is the most important stimulus from CNS
The bodies need to get rid of Co2
93
What detects O2 concentration in blood and where is it located
Detected by chemoreceptors | In aorta/common carotid artery
94
Hyperventilating
Increased CO2 in blood | Acidosis
95
Hypoventalation
O2 decease CO2 increase Alkalosis
96
What is COPD exemplified by
Chronic bronchitis | Emphysema
97
Chronic bronchitis
Mucus production increases Impairs ventilation/gas exchange "Blue bloaters"
98
Emphysema
Chronic inflammation Alveoli enlarge Overinflation "Pink puffers"
99
Asthma
Inflammatory disease of airways involving REVERSIBLE airflow obstruction
100
Sleep apnea
Polysomnography | 6-45 attacks in one hour
101
3 types of lung cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma (worse type)
102
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Surfactant production is inadequate. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli inflated
103
Cystic fibrosis
Over secretion of thick mucus that cause respiratory airways in addition to other systemic complications
104
SIDS
Problems with respiratory control center Heart rhythm abnormally No stomach lying 1-3 months of age

A&P II (3 decks)

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