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Flashcards in Lymph And Respiratory Deck (105)
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0
Q

Properties of lymphatic vessels

A

One way pump toward heart
No pump
Pushes lymph towards heart

1
Q

Name the 2 parts of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic(s) vessels

Lymphoid tissue/organs

2
Q

Composition of lymph

A

Similar to plasma
Has Buffy coat
Extra lymphocytes
Looks like milk

3
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels

A

Right duct-drains right side

Thoracic duct-drains LE/left side

4
Q

Lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis

A

Enlargement and change inconsistency of lymph node secondary to inflammation

Painless=cancer

5
Q

What could cause damage or blockage to lymphatic vessels

A

Following surgery
Radiation therapy
Malignant tumors
Parasitic worms (filariasis)

6
Q

Defense cells within lymph nodes

A

Macrophages-eat foreign substances

Lymphocytes-provides immune response to antigens

7
Q

Lymph node cortex

A

Outer part

Contains follicles - Collections of lymphocytes

8
Q

Lymph node structure medulla

A

Core
Inner part
Contains macrophages

9
Q

Flow of lymph through nodes

A

Enter convex/afferent side
Through sinuses inside node
Exit efferent side

Fewer efferent

10
Q

What are the organs that contribute to lymphatic function

A

Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyers patch

Last 3 are lymph nodes

11
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Left side of abdomen

12
Q

What does the thymus gland produces and where it is located

A

In throat, over heart

Produces thymosin to program lymphocytes

13
Q

What do tonsils do and location

A

Trap and remove bacteria

Around the pharynx

14
Q

Location and function of Peyers patches

A

Wall of small intestine

Captures and destroy bacteria in the intestines

15
Q

What are the body’s two defenses for foreign materials

A

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

16
Q

Name the four most common indicators of acute inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

17
Q

Diapedesis

A

Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls to site of inflammation

18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury and consume any foreign material present

19
Q

What do you monocytes become in order to complete disposal of Cell debris

A

Macrophages

20
Q

2 most important chemical proteins

A
Complement proteins (bacteria)
Interferon (viruses)
21
Q

How can heat regulation be reset through the hypothalamus

A

By pyrogens, secreted by WBCs

22
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity

A

Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated immunity

Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity

23
Q

Antigens that provoke an immune response

A
Foreign proteins (strongest)
Nucleic acids
Large carbs
Some lipids
Pollen grains
Microorganisms
24
Q

B for bone, T for thymus

A

B cells

T cells

25
Q

Where do macrophages arise from

A

Monocytes

26
Q

How long is the activity of most B cells

A

4-5 days

27
Q

How long do memory cells last

A

8-10 years

28
Q

Active immunity

A

Naturally acquired through bacterial/viral infections

Artificially required through vaccines

29
Q

Passive immunity

A

When antibodies are obtained through someone else

Think mother to fetus

30
Q

Naturally acquired immunity

A

Active-contact with pathogen

Passive-placenta

31
Q

Artificially acquired immunity

A

Active-vaccine

Passive-injection of immune serum

32
Q

Five major immunoglobulin classes (Igs)

A

MADGE

33
Q

Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells)

A

Igs

34
Q

Igs that can pass the placenta barrier

A

IgG

35
Q

Igs involved in allergies

A

IgE

36
Q

inactivate antigens antibodies function

A

Complement fixation
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation

37
Q

The T cell clones

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells - kill infected cells with perforin
Helper T cells - recruit other cells (B)
Regulatory T cells - suppresses activity of T/B

38
Q

Autografts

A

She transplanted from one site to another in the same person

Skin graft

39
Q

Isograft

A

Tissue from identical twin

40
Q

Allografts

A

Tissue from unrelated person

41
Q

Xenografts

A

Tissue from different species -never works

42
Q

Allergies (hypersensitivity) abnormal vigorous immune responses

A

Histamine from IgE

43
Q

Immunodeficiency. Abnormal function of immune cells

A

AIDS

Full bone transplant

44
Q

Autoimmune diseases. Immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself

A

Myasthenia gravis
Type 1 diabetes
RA
Lupus

45
Q

Self proteins that have not been exposed to the immune system

A

Eggs
Sperm
Eye lens
Protiens in thyroid gland

46
Q

What dies has exchange occure

A

Alveoli

47
Q

What does the passageway to the lungs do to air

A

Purify
Humidify
Warms incoming air

48
Q

What is the nasal cavity divided by

A

Nasal septum

49
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors located

A

Superior surface of nasal cavity

50
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Are one layer on basement membrane

51
Q

What are the conchae or turbinates

A

Projections that increase surface area

Increases air turbulence

52
Q

What separates the oral from the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior hard palate (bone)

Posterior soft palate (muscle)

53
Q

What bone have sinuses

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary

54
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Superior region behind nasal cavity

55
Q

Oropharynx

A

Middle region behind mouth

56
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Inferior region attached to larynx

57
Q

Where do the pharygotympanic tubes open into

A

Nasopharynx

58
Q

Inflammation of the adenoid can lead to the obstruction of what

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

59
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Roots air in food into proper channels

Plays a role in speech

60
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A
Largest of the hyaline cartilages
Protrudes anteriorly (Adams apple)
61
Q

Epiglottis

A

Roots food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea

62
Q

What is the difference of the right bronchus

A

Wider
Shorter
Straighter then left

63
Q

How many lives in left and right lungs

A

Left - 2

Right - 3

64
Q

What are the bronchial tree divisions

A
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
65
Q

What lines alveolar walls

A

Squamous epithelial layer

66
Q

How does gas cross the respiratory membrane

A

Diffusion

67
Q

Surfactant

A

(A lipid molecule) coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

68
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving air in and out of the lungs (breathing)

69
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

70
Q

Respiratory gas transport

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide be via the bloodstream

71
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells and systemic capillaries

72
Q

4 events of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Respiratory gas transport
Internal respiration

73
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
decreases in gas pressure
Increase in intrapulmonary volume

74
Q

Expiration

A

Passive process

Increase gas pressure

75
Q

Bronchial sounds

A

Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi

76
Q

Vesicular breathing sounds

A

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli

77
Q

How many mL of air does normal breathing move

A

500 mL

78
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be taken in forcefully over the tidal volume

3100 mL

79
Q

Exploratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can forcibly exhaled

1200 mL

80
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining in long after expiration

1200 mL

81
Q

Functional volume

A

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

About 350 mL

82
Q

Spirometry

A

The test done to measure lung volumes and airflow speed during inspiration and expiration

83
Q

Blood leaving the lungs is oxy…

A

Rich and co2 poor

84
Q

O2 attaches to hemoglobin to creat

A

Oxyhemoglobin HbO2

85
Q

Co2 in blood plasma is transferred by

A

Bicarbonate ion HCO-3

86
Q

exchange of gases between blood and body cells are called

A

Loading (co2 diffuses out of blood to tissue)

Unloading (O2 diffuses from blood into tissue)

87
Q

What activates respiratory muscles

A

Phrenic and intercoastal nerves

88
Q

What neural centers control rate and depth of breathing

A

Medulla

Pons

89
Q

Medulla

A

Sets rhythm

90
Q

Pons

A

Smooth respiratory rates

91
Q

Normal respiration

A

12-18 bpm

92
Q

What is the most important stimulus from CNS

A

The bodies need to get rid of Co2

93
Q

What detects O2 concentration in blood and where is it located

A

Detected by chemoreceptors

In aorta/common carotid artery

94
Q

Hyperventilating

A

Increased CO2 in blood

Acidosis

95
Q

Hypoventalation

A

O2 decease
CO2 increase
Alkalosis

96
Q

What is COPD exemplified by

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

97
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Mucus production increases
Impairs ventilation/gas exchange
“Blue bloaters”

98
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic inflammation
Alveoli enlarge
Overinflation
“Pink puffers”

99
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammatory disease of airways involving REVERSIBLE airflow obstruction

100
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Polysomnography

6-45 attacks in one hour

101
Q

3 types of lung cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma (worse type)

102
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

Surfactant production is inadequate. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli inflated

103
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Over secretion of thick mucus that cause respiratory airways in addition to other systemic complications

104
Q

SIDS

A

Problems with respiratory control center
Heart rhythm abnormally
No stomach lying
1-3 months of age