Properties of lymphatic vessels
One way pump toward heart
No pump
Pushes lymph towards heart
Name the 2 parts of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic(s) vessels
Lymphoid tissue/organs
Composition of lymph
Similar to plasma
Has Buffy coat
Extra lymphocytes
Looks like milk
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Right duct-drains right side
Thoracic duct-drains LE/left side
Lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis
Enlargement and change inconsistency of lymph node secondary to inflammation
Painless=cancer
What could cause damage or blockage to lymphatic vessels
Following surgery
Radiation therapy
Malignant tumors
Parasitic worms (filariasis)
Defense cells within lymph nodes
Macrophages-eat foreign substances
Lymphocytes-provides immune response to antigens
Lymph node cortex
Outer part
Contains follicles - Collections of lymphocytes
Lymph node structure medulla
Core
Inner part
Contains macrophages
Flow of lymph through nodes
Enter convex/afferent side
Through sinuses inside node
Exit efferent side
Fewer efferent
What are the organs that contribute to lymphatic function
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyers patch
Last 3 are lymph nodes
Where is the spleen located
Left side of abdomen
What does the thymus gland produces and where it is located
In throat, over heart
Produces thymosin to program lymphocytes
What do tonsils do and location
Trap and remove bacteria
Around the pharynx
Location and function of Peyers patches
Wall of small intestine
Captures and destroy bacteria in the intestines
What are the body’s two defenses for foreign materials
Innate (nonspecific)
Adaptive (specific)
Name the four most common indicators of acute inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Diapedesis
Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls to site of inflammation
Chemotaxis
Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury and consume any foreign material present
What do you monocytes become in order to complete disposal of Cell debris
Macrophages
2 most important chemical proteins
Complement proteins (bacteria) Interferon (viruses)
How can heat regulation be reset through the hypothalamus
By pyrogens, secreted by WBCs
What are the 2 types of immunity
Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated immunity
Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity
Antigens that provoke an immune response
Foreign proteins (strongest) Nucleic acids Large carbs Some lipids Pollen grains Microorganisms
B for bone, T for thymus
B cells
T cells
Where do macrophages arise from
Monocytes
How long is the activity of most B cells
4-5 days
How long do memory cells last
8-10 years
Active immunity
Naturally acquired through bacterial/viral infections
Artificially required through vaccines
Passive immunity
When antibodies are obtained through someone else
Think mother to fetus
Naturally acquired immunity
Active-contact with pathogen
Passive-placenta
Artificially acquired immunity
Active-vaccine
Passive-injection of immune serum
Five major immunoglobulin classes (Igs)
MADGE
Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
Igs
Igs that can pass the placenta barrier
IgG
Igs involved in allergies
IgE
inactivate antigens antibodies function
Complement fixation
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
The T cell clones
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells - kill infected cells with perforin
Helper T cells - recruit other cells (B)
Regulatory T cells - suppresses activity of T/B
Autografts
She transplanted from one site to another in the same person
Skin graft
Isograft
Tissue from identical twin
Allografts
Tissue from unrelated person
Xenografts
Tissue from different species -never works
Allergies (hypersensitivity) abnormal vigorous immune responses
Histamine from IgE
Immunodeficiency. Abnormal function of immune cells
AIDS
Full bone transplant
Autoimmune diseases. Immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself
Myasthenia gravis
Type 1 diabetes
RA
Lupus
Self proteins that have not been exposed to the immune system
Eggs
Sperm
Eye lens
Protiens in thyroid gland
What dies has exchange occure
Alveoli
What does the passageway to the lungs do to air
Purify
Humidify
Warms incoming air
What is the nasal cavity divided by
Nasal septum
Where are the olfactory receptors located
Superior surface of nasal cavity
What is the respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Are one layer on basement membrane
What are the conchae or turbinates
Projections that increase surface area
Increases air turbulence
What separates the oral from the nasal cavity?
Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)
What bone have sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Nasopharynx
Superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx
Inferior region attached to larynx
Where do the pharygotympanic tubes open into
Nasopharynx
Inflammation of the adenoid can lead to the obstruction of what
Pharyngotympanic tube
Functions of the larynx
Roots air in food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Thyroid cartilage
Largest of the hyaline cartilages Protrudes anteriorly (Adams apple)
Epiglottis
Roots food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea
What is the difference of the right bronchus
Wider
Shorter
Straighter then left
How many lives in left and right lungs
Left - 2
Right - 3
What are the bronchial tree divisions
Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
What lines alveolar walls
Squamous epithelial layer
How does gas cross the respiratory membrane
Diffusion
Surfactant
(A lipid molecule) coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Pulmonary ventilation
Moving air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
External respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Respiratory gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide be via the bloodstream
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells and systemic capillaries
4 events of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Respiratory gas transport
Internal respiration
Inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
decreases in gas pressure
Increase in intrapulmonary volume
Expiration
Passive process
Increase gas pressure
Bronchial sounds
Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi
Vesicular breathing sounds
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli
How many mL of air does normal breathing move
500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be taken in forcefully over the tidal volume
3100 mL
Exploratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can forcibly exhaled
1200 mL
Residual volume
Air remaining in long after expiration
1200 mL
Functional volume
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
About 350 mL
Spirometry
The test done to measure lung volumes and airflow speed during inspiration and expiration
Blood leaving the lungs is oxy…
Rich and co2 poor
O2 attaches to hemoglobin to creat
Oxyhemoglobin HbO2
Co2 in blood plasma is transferred by
Bicarbonate ion HCO-3
exchange of gases between blood and body cells are called
Loading (co2 diffuses out of blood to tissue)
Unloading (O2 diffuses from blood into tissue)
What activates respiratory muscles
Phrenic and intercoastal nerves
What neural centers control rate and depth of breathing
Medulla
Pons
Medulla
Sets rhythm
Pons
Smooth respiratory rates
Normal respiration
12-18 bpm
What is the most important stimulus from CNS
The bodies need to get rid of Co2
What detects O2 concentration in blood and where is it located
Detected by chemoreceptors
In aorta/common carotid artery
Hyperventilating
Increased CO2 in blood
Acidosis
Hypoventalation
O2 decease
CO2 increase
Alkalosis
What is COPD exemplified by
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Mucus production increases
Impairs ventilation/gas exchange
“Blue bloaters”
Emphysema
Chronic inflammation
Alveoli enlarge
Overinflation
“Pink puffers”
Asthma
Inflammatory disease of airways involving REVERSIBLE airflow obstruction
Sleep apnea
Polysomnography
6-45 attacks in one hour
3 types of lung cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma (worse type)
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Surfactant production is inadequate. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli inflated
Cystic fibrosis
Over secretion of thick mucus that cause respiratory airways in addition to other systemic complications
SIDS
Problems with respiratory control center
Heart rhythm abnormally
No stomach lying
1-3 months of age
