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A&P II > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(108 cards)

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0
Q

Location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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1
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues

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2
Q

Orientation of the apex of the heart

A

Pointed apex is directed towards the left hip, base points towards right shoulder

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

Double wall sac
Composed of two layers
Visceral/parietal layers

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4
Q

Location of the Visceral pericardium (also known as)

A

Next to heart

Epicardium

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5
Q

Where is the parietal pericardium located

A

Outside layer, lines inner surface of pericardium

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6
Q

What fills the space between the layers of the pericardium

A

Serous fluid

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the heart and their locations

A

Epicardium-outside layer
Myocardium-middle layer
Endocardium-inner layer

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8
Q

How many chambers are in the heart and what are they called

A

L/R atria

L/R ventricles

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9
Q

What are the two receiving chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium

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10
Q

What are the two discharging chambers of the heart

A

Left and right ventricle

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11
Q

What does the interventricular septum them separate

A

It separates the two ventricles

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12
Q

What does the interatrial septum separate

A

It separates the two atria

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13
Q

How does the blood flow and systemic circulation

A

Blood flows from left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

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14
Q

Which way does blood flow During pulmonary circulation

A

Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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15
Q

What is the function of heart valves

A

Allows blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow

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16
Q

How are AV valves anchored

A

Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (heart strings)

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17
Q

When are the AV valves open and closed

A

During heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction

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18
Q

When are semilunar valves is open and closed

A

Close during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction

Operate opposite of one another to force a one-way path of blood through the heart

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19
Q

Name the four heart valves

A

Atrioventricular
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Semilunar valves

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20
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve located

A

Between the atria and ventricles

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21
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located

A

Left side of the heart

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22
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

Right side of the heart

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23
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located

A

Between the ventricle and artery

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24
What are the names of the two semi lunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve | Aortic semilunar valve
25
What is in the hearts nourishing circulatory system
Coronary arteries Cardiac veins Coronary sinus
26
What is the function of coronary arteries
They branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
27
What is the function of cardiac veins
They drain the myocardium of blood
28
What is the function of the coronary sinus
A large being on the posterior of the heart receives blood from cardiac veins What empties into the right atrium be at the coronary sinus
29
Does the blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium
No
30
What initiates a heart contraction
Sinoatrial node (sa node)
31
Force of cardiac muscle depolarization is in what direction
From atria at ventricles
32
After the SA node starts the heartbeat where does the impulse spread
To the AV node, causing the Atria contract
33
Where does the impulse pass after the AV node
Av bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
34
As the ventricles contract where is the blood ejected from
From the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk
35
Causes of homeostatic imbalance with in the heart
``` Heart block Ischemia Fibrillation Tachycardia Bradycardia ```
36
What is a heart block
Damage AV node releases them from control of the SA node resulting in A Slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate
37
What is ischemia
Lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle
38
What is fibrillation
The rapid uncoordinated shuttering of the heart muscle
39
What is tachycardia
Rapid heart rate over 100 bpm
40
What is bradycardia
Slow heart rate less than 60 bpm
41
Define cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart in one minute
42
Defined stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle and one contraction (each heartbeat) usually remains relatively constant
43
How much blood is in the stroke volume of one heartbeat
About 70Lm
44
What is a typical heart rate
75 bpm
45
What is the most common way to change cardiac output
By changing heart rate
46
What is the equation for cardiac output
CO = HR x SV
47
What can increase the heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system Hormones Exercise
48
What hormones increase the heart rate
Epinephrine | Thyroxine
49
How does the sympathetic nervous system increased heart rate
Crisis | Low blood pressure
50
How does exercise increase heart rate
Decreases blood volume
51
What decreases heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system High blood pressure or blood volume Decreased venous return
52
What are the function of blood vessels
Transport blood to the tissues and back Exchanges between tissues and blood Return blood to the heart
53
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries | Arterioles
54
What blood vessel exchange between tissues and blood
Capillary beds
55
What blood vessels return blood towards the heart
Venules | Veins
56
What are the 3 tunic layers
Tunic intima Tunic media Tunic externa
57
What type of tissue is the tunic intima
Endothelium
58
What type of muscle is the tunic media and what is it controlled by
Smooth muscle | Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
59
Which has a thicker Tunica media arteries or veins
Arteries
60
How many cell layers are a capillary (or tunica intima)
1
61
What do capillaries (or tunica intima) do
Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
62
what prevents backflow with veins
Valves
63
How big are the lumen of veins
Larger than arteries
64
Features that allow veins to return blood to the heart
Have a thinner turcica media Operate under low pressure Have a larger lumen than arteries
65
What assist in the movement of the blood back to the heart
Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow | Skeletal muscle "milks" blood in veins toward the heart
66
What is most arterial blood pumped by
The heart
67
What two types of vessels consist in Capillary beds
Vascular shunt | True capillaries
68
Define vascular shunt
Vessel directly connecting an arteriole to the venule
69
Define true capillaries
Exchange vessels Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic weights produces cross into blood
70
What is the largest artery in the body
Aorta
71
What are the regions of the aorta
Ascending aorta Aortic arch Thoracic aorta Abdominal Aorta
72
Location of Ascending aorta
Leaves the left ventricle
73
Location of the aortic arch
Arches to the left
74
Location of the thoracic aorta
Travels downward through the thorax
75
Location of the abdominal aorta a
Passes through the diaphragm into the abdominal pelvic cavity
76
Location of arterial branches of the ascending aorta
Right and left coronary artery serves the heart
77
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS) Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the
right common carotid artery | •right subclavian artery
78
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS) Left common carotid artery splits into the
Left internal and external carotid arteries
79
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS) Left subclavian artery branches into the
* vertebral artery | * in the axilla, subclavian artery become the axillary artery, brachial artery, Radial and unla arteries
80
Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
Left and right renal arteries (kidneys) Left and right gonadal arteries Lumbar arteries serve ab/trunk Testicular in men/ovarian in women
81
What are the major veins of systematic circulation
Superior and inferior vena cava or enter the right atrium of the heart
82
What areas does the superior vena cava drain
Drains the head and arms
83
What areas does the inferior vena cava drain
Drains the lower body
84
What veins drain into the superior vena cava
Radial and ulna veins - brachial vein - axillary vein These drain into the arms
85
Where are the basilic and cephalic veins jointed at
Median cubital vein (elbow area)
86
What does the cephalic vein drain and empty into
brings the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein
87
Where does the Basilic vain drain and empty
Drains into the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
88
What does the subclavian vein receive
Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein Venous blood from skin and muscles be at the external jugular vein
89
Vertebral vein drains the
Posterior part of the head
90
Internal jugular vein drains the
Dural sinuses of the brain
91
Internal carotid arteries divide into
Anterior and cerebral arteries
92
What is the circle of Willis
Anterior and posterior your blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches This completes a circle of connecting blood vessels
93
What are the three vessels contained in the umbilical cord
Umbilical vein-carries blood which nutrients to fetus | Umbilical arteries-Carry carbon dioxide and debris from fetus to placenta
94
Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain what
Digestive organs Spleen Pancreas
95
Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation
Inferior/superior mesenteric veins Splenic vein Left gastric vein
96
What is a pulse
Pressure wave of blood
97
What is an average pulse
70 to 76 bpm
98
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure at peak of ventricular contraction
99
diastolic blood pressure
Pressure when ventricles relax
100
Pressure and blood vessels decreases as...
Distance from the heart increases
101
Neural factors that effect blood pressure
Autonomic nervous system adjustment (sympathetic division)
102
Renal factors that effect blood pressure
Regulation by altering blood volume | Renin-hormonal control
103
Vasodilation effect is caused by
Heat
104
Vasoconstricting effect is caused by
Cold
105
Factors that effect BP
``` Neural factors Renal factors Temperature Chemicals Diet ```
106
Substances that are exchanged due to concentrated gradients
* oxygen and nutrients leave the blood | * carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells
107
Aging problems associated with the cardiovascular system
Venous valves weaken Varicose veins Progressive atherosclerosis Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to hypertension Coronary artery disease resulting from vessels with fatty calcified deposits

A&P II (3 decks)

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