Location of the heart
Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
Function of cardiovascular system
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
Orientation of the apex of the heart
Pointed apex is directed towards the left hip, base points towards right shoulder
Pericardium
Double wall sac
Composed of two layers
Visceral/parietal layers
Location of the Visceral pericardium (also known as)
Next to heart
Epicardium
Where is the parietal pericardium located
Outside layer, lines inner surface of pericardium
What fills the space between the layers of the pericardium
Serous fluid
What are the three layers of the heart and their locations
Epicardium-outside layer
Myocardium-middle layer
Endocardium-inner layer
How many chambers are in the heart and what are they called
L/R atria
L/R ventricles
What are the two receiving chambers of the heart
Left and right atrium
What are the two discharging chambers of the heart
Left and right ventricle
What does the interventricular septum them separate
It separates the two ventricles
What does the interatrial septum separate
It separates the two atria
How does the blood flow and systemic circulation
Blood flows from left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
Which way does blood flow During pulmonary circulation
Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
What is the function of heart valves
Allows blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow
How are AV valves anchored
Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (heart strings)
When are the AV valves open and closed
During heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction
When are semilunar valves is open and closed
Close during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction
Operate opposite of one another to force a one-way path of blood through the heart
Name the four heart valves
Atrioventricular
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Semilunar valves
Where is the atrioventricular valve located
Between the atria and ventricles
Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located
Left side of the heart
Where is the tricuspid valve located
Right side of the heart
Where are the semilunar valves located
Between the ventricle and artery
What are the names of the two semi lunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
What is in the hearts nourishing circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
What is the function of coronary arteries
They branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
What is the function of cardiac veins
They drain the myocardium of blood
What is the function of the coronary sinus
A large being on the posterior of the heart receives blood from cardiac veins
What empties into the right atrium be at the coronary sinus
Does the blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium
No
What initiates a heart contraction
Sinoatrial node (sa node)
Force of cardiac muscle depolarization is in what direction
From atria at ventricles
After the SA node starts the heartbeat where does the impulse spread
To the AV node, causing the Atria contract
Where does the impulse pass after the AV node
Av bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
As the ventricles contract where is the blood ejected from
From the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Causes of homeostatic imbalance with in the heart
Heart block Ischemia Fibrillation Tachycardia Bradycardia
What is a heart block
Damage AV node releases them from control of the SA node resulting in A Slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate
What is ischemia
Lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle
What is fibrillation
The rapid uncoordinated shuttering of the heart muscle
What is tachycardia
Rapid heart rate over 100 bpm
What is bradycardia
Slow heart rate less than 60 bpm
Define cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart in one minute
Defined stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle and one contraction (each heartbeat)
usually remains relatively constant
How much blood is in the stroke volume of one heartbeat
About 70Lm
What is a typical heart rate
75 bpm
What is the most common way to change cardiac output
By changing heart rate
What is the equation for cardiac output
CO = HR x SV
What can increase the heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
Hormones
Exercise
What hormones increase the heart rate
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
How does the sympathetic nervous system increased heart rate
Crisis
Low blood pressure
How does exercise increase heart rate
Decreases blood volume
What decreases heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Decreased venous return
What are the function of blood vessels
Transport blood to the tissues and back
Exchanges between tissues and blood
Return blood to the heart
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Arterioles
What blood vessel exchange between tissues and blood
Capillary beds
What blood vessels return blood towards the heart
Venules
Veins
What are the 3 tunic layers
Tunic intima
Tunic media
Tunic externa
What type of tissue is the tunic intima
Endothelium
What type of muscle is the tunic media and what is it controlled by
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Which has a thicker Tunica media arteries or veins
Arteries
How many cell layers are a capillary (or tunica intima)
1
What do capillaries (or tunica intima) do
Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
what prevents backflow with veins
Valves
How big are the lumen of veins
Larger than arteries
Features that allow veins to return blood to the heart
Have a thinner turcica media
Operate under low pressure
Have a larger lumen than arteries
What assist in the movement of the blood back to the heart
Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
What is most arterial blood pumped by
The heart
What two types of vessels consist in Capillary beds
Vascular shunt
True capillaries
Define vascular shunt
Vessel directly connecting an arteriole to the venule
Define true capillaries
Exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic weights produces cross into blood
What is the largest artery in the body
Aorta
What are the regions of the aorta
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Location of Ascending aorta
Leaves the left ventricle
Location of the aortic arch
Arches to the left
Location of the thoracic aorta
Travels downward through the thorax
Location of the abdominal aorta a
Passes through the diaphragm into the abdominal pelvic cavity
Location of arterial branches of the ascending aorta
Right and left coronary artery serves the heart
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)
Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the
right common carotid artery
•right subclavian artery
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)
Left common carotid artery splits into the
Left internal and external carotid arteries
Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)
Left subclavian artery branches into the
- vertebral artery
* in the axilla, subclavian artery become the axillary artery, brachial artery, Radial and unla arteries
Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
Left and right renal arteries (kidneys)
Left and right gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries serve ab/trunk
Testicular in men/ovarian in women
What are the major veins of systematic circulation
Superior and inferior vena cava or enter the right atrium of the heart
What areas does the superior vena cava drain
Drains the head and arms
What areas does the inferior vena cava drain
Drains the lower body
What veins drain into the superior vena cava
Radial and ulna veins - brachial vein - axillary vein
These drain into the arms
Where are the basilic and cephalic veins jointed at
Median cubital vein (elbow area)
What does the cephalic vein drain and empty into
brings the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein
Where does the Basilic vain drain and empty
Drains into the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
What does the subclavian vein receive
Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein
Venous blood from skin and muscles be at the external jugular vein
Vertebral vein drains the
Posterior part of the head
Internal jugular vein drains the
Dural sinuses of the brain
Internal carotid arteries divide into
Anterior and cerebral arteries
What is the circle of Willis
Anterior and posterior your blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches
This completes a circle of connecting blood vessels
What are the three vessels contained in the umbilical cord
Umbilical vein-carries blood which nutrients to fetus
Umbilical arteries-Carry carbon dioxide and debris from fetus to placenta
Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain what
Digestive organs
Spleen
Pancreas
Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation
Inferior/superior mesenteric veins
Splenic vein
Left gastric vein
What is a pulse
Pressure wave of blood
What is an average pulse
70 to 76 bpm
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure at peak of ventricular contraction
diastolic blood pressure
Pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure and blood vessels decreases as…
Distance from the heart increases
Neural factors that effect blood pressure
Autonomic nervous system adjustment (sympathetic division)
Renal factors that effect blood pressure
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin-hormonal control
Vasodilation effect is caused by
Heat
Vasoconstricting effect is caused by
Cold
Factors that effect BP
Neural factors Renal factors Temperature Chemicals Diet
Substances that are exchanged due to concentrated gradients
- oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
* carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells
Aging problems associated with the cardiovascular system
Venous valves weaken
Varicose veins
Progressive atherosclerosis
Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to hypertension
Coronary artery disease resulting from vessels with fatty calcified deposits
