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A&P II > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cardiovascular Deck (108)
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0
Q

Location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

1
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues

2
Q

Orientation of the apex of the heart

A

Pointed apex is directed towards the left hip, base points towards right shoulder

3
Q

Pericardium

A

Double wall sac
Composed of two layers
Visceral/parietal layers

4
Q

Location of the Visceral pericardium (also known as)

A

Next to heart

Epicardium

5
Q

Where is the parietal pericardium located

A

Outside layer, lines inner surface of pericardium

6
Q

What fills the space between the layers of the pericardium

A

Serous fluid

7
Q

What are the three layers of the heart and their locations

A

Epicardium-outside layer
Myocardium-middle layer
Endocardium-inner layer

8
Q

How many chambers are in the heart and what are they called

A

L/R atria

L/R ventricles

9
Q

What are the two receiving chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium

10
Q

What are the two discharging chambers of the heart

A

Left and right ventricle

11
Q

What does the interventricular septum them separate

A

It separates the two ventricles

12
Q

What does the interatrial septum separate

A

It separates the two atria

13
Q

How does the blood flow and systemic circulation

A

Blood flows from left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

14
Q

Which way does blood flow During pulmonary circulation

A

Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

15
Q

What is the function of heart valves

A

Allows blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow

16
Q

How are AV valves anchored

A

Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (heart strings)

17
Q

When are the AV valves open and closed

A

During heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction

18
Q

When are semilunar valves is open and closed

A

Close during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction

Operate opposite of one another to force a one-way path of blood through the heart

19
Q

Name the four heart valves

A

Atrioventricular
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Semilunar valves

20
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve located

A

Between the atria and ventricles

21
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located

A

Left side of the heart

22
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

Right side of the heart

23
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located

A

Between the ventricle and artery

24
Q

What are the names of the two semi lunar valves

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

25
Q

What is in the hearts nourishing circulatory system

A

Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus

26
Q

What is the function of coronary arteries

A

They branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

27
Q

What is the function of cardiac veins

A

They drain the myocardium of blood

28
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus

A

A large being on the posterior of the heart receives blood from cardiac veins

What empties into the right atrium be at the coronary sinus

29
Q

Does the blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium

A

No

30
Q

What initiates a heart contraction

A

Sinoatrial node (sa node)

31
Q

Force of cardiac muscle depolarization is in what direction

A

From atria at ventricles

32
Q

After the SA node starts the heartbeat where does the impulse spread

A

To the AV node, causing the Atria contract

33
Q

Where does the impulse pass after the AV node

A

Av bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

34
Q

As the ventricles contract where is the blood ejected from

A

From the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

35
Q

Causes of homeostatic imbalance with in the heart

A
Heart block
Ischemia
Fibrillation
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
36
Q

What is a heart block

A

Damage AV node releases them from control of the SA node resulting in A Slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate

37
Q

What is ischemia

A

Lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle

38
Q

What is fibrillation

A

The rapid uncoordinated shuttering of the heart muscle

39
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Rapid heart rate over 100 bpm

40
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate less than 60 bpm

41
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart in one minute

42
Q

Defined stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle and one contraction (each heartbeat)
usually remains relatively constant

43
Q

How much blood is in the stroke volume of one heartbeat

A

About 70Lm

44
Q

What is a typical heart rate

A

75 bpm

45
Q

What is the most common way to change cardiac output

A

By changing heart rate

46
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

47
Q

What can increase the heart rate

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Hormones
Exercise

48
Q

What hormones increase the heart rate

A

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

49
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increased heart rate

A

Crisis

Low blood pressure

50
Q

How does exercise increase heart rate

A

Decreases blood volume

51
Q

What decreases heart rate

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Decreased venous return

52
Q

What are the function of blood vessels

A

Transport blood to the tissues and back
Exchanges between tissues and blood
Return blood to the heart

53
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

Arterioles

54
Q

What blood vessel exchange between tissues and blood

A

Capillary beds

55
Q

What blood vessels return blood towards the heart

A

Venules

Veins

56
Q

What are the 3 tunic layers

A

Tunic intima
Tunic media
Tunic externa

57
Q

What type of tissue is the tunic intima

A

Endothelium

58
Q

What type of muscle is the tunic media and what is it controlled by

A

Smooth muscle

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

Which has a thicker Tunica media arteries or veins

A

Arteries

60
Q

How many cell layers are a capillary (or tunica intima)

A

1

61
Q

What do capillaries (or tunica intima) do

A

Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

62
Q

what prevents backflow with veins

A

Valves

63
Q

How big are the lumen of veins

A

Larger than arteries

64
Q

Features that allow veins to return blood to the heart

A

Have a thinner turcica media
Operate under low pressure
Have a larger lumen than arteries

65
Q

What assist in the movement of the blood back to the heart

A

Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow

Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

66
Q

What is most arterial blood pumped by

A

The heart

67
Q

What two types of vessels consist in Capillary beds

A

Vascular shunt

True capillaries

68
Q

Define vascular shunt

A

Vessel directly connecting an arteriole to the venule

69
Q

Define true capillaries

A

Exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic weights produces cross into blood

70
Q

What is the largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

71
Q

What are the regions of the aorta

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal Aorta

72
Q

Location of Ascending aorta

A

Leaves the left ventricle

73
Q

Location of the aortic arch

A

Arches to the left

74
Q

Location of the thoracic aorta

A

Travels downward through the thorax

75
Q

Location of the abdominal aorta a

A

Passes through the diaphragm into the abdominal pelvic cavity

76
Q

Location of arterial branches of the ascending aorta

A

Right and left coronary artery serves the heart

77
Q

Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)

Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the

A

right common carotid artery

•right subclavian artery

78
Q

Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)

Left common carotid artery splits into the

A

Left internal and external carotid arteries

79
Q

Arterial branches of the aortic arch (BCS)

Left subclavian artery branches into the

A
  • vertebral artery

* in the axilla, subclavian artery become the axillary artery, brachial artery, Radial and unla arteries

80
Q

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Left and right renal arteries (kidneys)
Left and right gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries serve ab/trunk

Testicular in men/ovarian in women

81
Q

What are the major veins of systematic circulation

A

Superior and inferior vena cava or enter the right atrium of the heart

82
Q

What areas does the superior vena cava drain

A

Drains the head and arms

83
Q

What areas does the inferior vena cava drain

A

Drains the lower body

84
Q

What veins drain into the superior vena cava

A

Radial and ulna veins - brachial vein - axillary vein

These drain into the arms

85
Q

Where are the basilic and cephalic veins jointed at

A

Median cubital vein (elbow area)

86
Q

What does the cephalic vein drain and empty into

A

brings the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein

87
Q

Where does the Basilic vain drain and empty

A

Drains into the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein

88
Q

What does the subclavian vein receive

A

Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein

Venous blood from skin and muscles be at the external jugular vein

89
Q

Vertebral vein drains the

A

Posterior part of the head

90
Q

Internal jugular vein drains the

A

Dural sinuses of the brain

91
Q

Internal carotid arteries divide into

A

Anterior and cerebral arteries

92
Q

What is the circle of Willis

A

Anterior and posterior your blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches

This completes a circle of connecting blood vessels

93
Q

What are the three vessels contained in the umbilical cord

A

Umbilical vein-carries blood which nutrients to fetus

Umbilical arteries-Carry carbon dioxide and debris from fetus to placenta

94
Q

Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain what

A

Digestive organs
Spleen
Pancreas

95
Q

Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation

A

Inferior/superior mesenteric veins
Splenic vein
Left gastric vein

96
Q

What is a pulse

A

Pressure wave of blood

97
Q

What is an average pulse

A

70 to 76 bpm

98
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Pressure at peak of ventricular contraction

99
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

Pressure when ventricles relax

100
Q

Pressure and blood vessels decreases as…

A

Distance from the heart increases

101
Q

Neural factors that effect blood pressure

A

Autonomic nervous system adjustment (sympathetic division)

102
Q

Renal factors that effect blood pressure

A

Regulation by altering blood volume

Renin-hormonal control

103
Q

Vasodilation effect is caused by

A

Heat

104
Q

Vasoconstricting effect is caused by

A

Cold

105
Q

Factors that effect BP

A
Neural factors
Renal factors 
Temperature 
Chemicals
Diet
106
Q

Substances that are exchanged due to concentrated gradients

A
  • oxygen and nutrients leave the blood

* carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells

107
Q

Aging problems associated with the cardiovascular system

A

Venous valves weaken
Varicose veins
Progressive atherosclerosis
Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to hypertension
Coronary artery disease resulting from vessels with fatty calcified deposits