Plama composition
Plasma proteins, other solutes, water
Plasma proteins
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins
Other solutes
Electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes
Albumins
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plamsa and non specific transport of lipids
Globulins
Specific transport of specfic substances
Fibrinogen
Essential component of clotting system
Regulatory proteins
Enzymes and hormones
Organic nutrients
Lipids, cholesterol, carbs, and amino acids
Orgainic waste
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Primary functions of plasma
Transportation of horomes, solutes and cells and exchange of nutrients and waste
Secondary functions of plasma
Immunity by carrying white blood cells, thermoregulation, coagulation, fluid volume balance and pH balance
Hematocrit
% of RBC in a sample of whole blood
Calculated hematocrit
Analyzer counts number of RBCs and muliples by there average size. Increased accuracy
Normal hematocrit for males
39-50%
Normal hematocrit for females
35-45%
Low hematocrit
Anemia
High hematocrit with normal plasma
Polycythemia
High hematocrite with low plasma
Dehydration
Secondary polycythemia
A natural response to high altitude. Low oxy detected by JG cells in kidney. EPO is produced to make more RBCs
Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
Tumor in bone marrow producing too many RBCs
Formed elements
Plateltes, white blood cells, red blood cells
Red blood cells
Only living cells without a nucleous
What percent do RBCs make up of formed elements
99.9%
Why do RBCs have a biconcave disc?
Fold in half to get through small capillaries and to stack to get through blood vessels
RBC production
Occurs in red bone marrow and requires amino acids, iron, and vit B12. EPO stimulates
RBC destruction
90% of RBCs go to macrophages in kidneys and get broken down into iron amino acids and heme. Heme gets converted into billirubin that goes to intestines and gets broken into urobilins and stercobilins that get excreted
Oxyhemoglobin
Heme group in oxygenated and 4 oxygen can bind
Deoxyhemoglobin
Found in pulmenary arteries
Carbsminohemoglobin
CO2 bound to it
HgbA
Adult hemoglobin
HgbA1c
Glucouse bound to it
HgbF
Fetus hemoglobin
HgbS
Abnormal hemoglobin
Bind to heme causes oxygen to fall of heme
CO2 (a waste product from cells) proton, 2,3 BPG
Sickle cell
One pair of nuecleotides messed up causes heme to be nonpolar and it becomes hydrophobic and it becomes stickly and clusters inside RBCs
Sickle cells only live about 10 days because
Heme is sickles which causes the membrane to be sickled which lowers oxygen binding
Sickle cells crisis
Blood cells become very stiff and cant fit through blood vessels and they form clots
Type AB blood
Take blood from anyone. There is no cross reaction because during transfusion only get cells not everything else
Type O
Give blood to anyone
Cross reaction
When antibodies match antigens and agglutination happens which causes hemolysis
White blood cell function
Immunity, removal of waste, toxins and damaged cells
Neutrophils
Most numerous WBC that attack and digest marked bacteria. Phagocytosis by taking in oxygen and riping the bacteria apart by electrons and lysosomes
Eosinophils
Attack and pahogcytose multicellular objects coated with antibodies
Basiphils
Least numerous WBC. Use histamin and heparin for inflamation and anticoagulant
Monocytes
Largest WBC. Enter CT and fuse together to form a syncytium to become macrophages and then phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
Closest in size to RBC. Three classes T cells, B cells and NK cells
T cells
Physically bind to bacteria and kill it
B cells
Secrete antibodies that bind to bacteria to mark for kill
NK cells
Natural killer cells. Circulate body testing sugars to make sure they are normal. Kill abnormal
Mutipotential hemotopoietic stem cell
Give rise to all blood cells
Leukopenia
Low WBC levels
Leukocytosis
Too many white blood cells
CBC count
Number of WBC, RBC, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit
Differetial WBC count
Relative number of WBCs
Platelets
Fragments of megakatyocytes that have a major role in stopping bleeding
Three steps in hemostasis
Vasoconstrict to reduce blood loss, formation of platelet plug by sticking and releasing chemical to recruit more platlets, and blood coagulation
Aspirin on blood clotting
Inhibits thromboxane to reducing clotting
Prostacyclin/NO
Inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy vessels
Creating fibers
Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin that convets fibrinogen into fibrin that doesnt disolve in plasma and uses calcium to make cross linked fibrin
Stroke
Emboli break off from a thrombus and they get lodged in small capillaries that then blood blood to an area and low oxygen causes cell death
Clot shrinkage
By actin and myosin cause endothelial cells closer together and make more cells.
Clot dissolution
Tissue plasminogen activatior converts plasminogen to plasmin that digest finbrin and clot falls apart leaving blood vessel sealed
Hemophilla A
Protein mutation on tissue factor 8
Hemophilia B
Protein mutation on tissue factor 9
Anti coagulant “blood thinners”
Inhibit tissue factor 7 and prothrombin
Calcium chelation
Removes calcium from blood and blood cant clot