Blood

Question 1

What is the yellow liquid in blood called

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

What percentage of the blood is plasma

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

What is the remaining 45% of blood made up of

Answer 3

Cells

Question 4

What are some sub-compartments of plasma

Answer 4

90% water
Glucose
Amino acids
Vitamins + minerals
(AND MANY MORE)

Question 5

What are erythtocytes

Answer 5

Red blood cells (rbc)

Question 6

What do erythrocytes do

Answer 6

Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Question 7

What are leucocytes

Answer 7

White blood cells (wbc)

Question 8

What are the types of leucocytes

Answer 8

Neutrophils - B cells, produce antibodies
Lymphocytes - T cells, destroy viruses and cancer cells
Monocytes - removes dead cells and bacteria

Question 9

What do platelets do

Answer 9

Triggers blood clotting

Question 10

What is one of the main functions of blood

Answer 10

Transport

Question 11

Where are many of the substances transported by blood coming from

Answer 11

The digestive system

Question 12

Where are many of the substances transported by blood going

Answer 12

To the tissues or storage areas such as the liver

Question 13

Substances that cannot dissolve in water are carried by lipoproteins, what is an example of one of these substances

Answer 13

Fats

Question 14

What is LDL

Answer 14

Low density lipoprotein

It appears to deposit fat and cholesterol in the walls of the arteries

Question 15

What is HDL

Answer 15

High density lipoprotein

Question 16

What does LDL appear to deposit

Answer 16

Fat and cholesterol in the walls of arteries

Question 17

What does HDL appear to do

Answer 17

Prevent or reverse the harmful deposits of LDL

Question 18

Red-blood cells (rbc) contain an iron-containing protein called what

Answer 18

Haemoglobin

Question 19

What binds with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

In order to increase the space for carrying the maximum amount of haemoglobin, what do erythrocytes (rbc) not have

Answer 20

A nucleus

Question 21

What shape are haemoglobin in order to help exchange of oxygen

Answer 21

Disk shaped

Question 22

Haemoglobin, on the return trip from the lungs carry another substance instead of oxygen, what is this

Answer 22

A small amount of carbon dioxide

Question 23

Blood also transports another substance, these are chemicals produced in glads - what are they called

Answer 23

Hormones

Question 24

Are mammals endothermic or exothermic

Answer 24

Endothermic

Question 25

We are endothermic, what does this mean

Answer 25

We generate our own internal temperature and maintain it

Question 26

What is our optimal temperature

Answer 26

37 degrees centigrade

Question 27

All our chemical reactions are regulated by proteins, what are they called

Answer 27

Enzymes

Question 28

What determines our enzymes

Answer 28

Our genes

Question 29

What happens to an enzyme if it gets too hot

Answer 29

It denatures

Question 30

What are the 5 functions of blood

Answer 30

``` Transport Temperature regulation Exchange of materials in body tissues Preventing infection Blood clotting ```

Question 31

Which blood cells are involved in the immune response

Answer 31

Leucocytes (wbc)

Question 32

Pathogens will be recognised as threats by what

Answer 32

B-type lymphocytes, which act as antigens - they form special proteins called antibodies

Question 33

Antibodies lock onto specific chemicals in the walls of the bacteria, what does this do

Answer 33

It immobilises them and makes them targets for the monocytes that then kill them and break them down

Question 34

What is the principle behind vaccination

Answer 34

That lymphocytes remember particular pathogens and know how to respond to them

Question 35

Viruses cannot live independently so have to hijack what to survive and reproduce

Answer 35

Cells

Question 36

Which part of an infected cell, does a virus change

Answer 36

The outside

Question 37

What causes many symptoms pf viral infections

Answer 37

T-lymphocytes recognising and latching onto infected cells which then destroy the cell

Question 38

Women have how many litres of blood in their bodies

Answer 38

4-5 litres

Question 39

Men have how many litres of blood in their bodies

Answer 39

5-6 litres

Question 40

How many litres of blood do we have to loose before it leads to serious issues or even death

Answer 40

2 litres

Question 41

When exposed to air or foreign materials such as glass or plastic, tiny cell fragments from bone marrow, called platelets, activate a chain reaction called what

Answer 41

Coagulation

Question 42

What does coagulation do

Answer 42

Coverts the soluble blood protein (fibrinogen) into an insoluble form (fibrin) that forms a net-like structure, trapping both platelets and erythrocytes to form a clot

Question 43

What happens to individuals with haemophilia

Answer 43

They have longer clotting times, leading to chronic blood loss

Question 44

Platelets also hep activate the immune response, what does this minimise

Answer 44

The threat of a pathogenic invasion

Question 45

If during operation or kidney dialysis, blood is passed outside of the body to machines in tubes. What has to be added to stop blood from clotting

Answer 45

Anticoagulants