Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histo > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the overall main function of blood?

A

To maintain cellular homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does blood maintain cellular homeostasis? (6 functions)

A
  1. Transports oxygen / nutrients to cells
  2. Removes CO2/waste from cells/tissue
  3. Acts as buffering system, maintains acid-base balance (via proteins in blood)
  4. Transports hormones, clotting factors, cells (acts as highway through body)
  5. Transport immune cells/substances
  6. Thermoregulation / coagulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What processes is the blood involved in?

A

Respiration, acid-base balance, immune system, thermoregulation, coagulation, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood is considered a specialized type of ___. Why?

A

Connective tissue

Blood is cells in a specialized ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Total blood volume in adults is ___, which is ___% of body weight.

A

6L

7-8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Erythrocytes that recently entered circulation from the bone marrow

Identified by staining of residual ribosomes by vital dyes, lose after 24h in circulation

Make up 1-2% of total RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What staining is used to identify reticulocytes?

A

Vital dyes for ribosomal RNAs

Cresyl violet
New Methyl Blue NMB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long are reticulocytes in circulation for? What happens to them?

A

24h

They lose their residual ribosomes and become RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are reticulocytes clinically important?

A

They can indicate the rate of RBC production, more are seen with oxygen loss or blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasma makes up ___% of total blood volume.

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main protein component of plasma? What is its function?

A

Albumin, maintains osmotic pressure of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different components of plasma?

A

water (90%)
Proteins (7%, albumin)
Other solutes (2%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in plasma? What are their functions?

A

Albumins - maintain osmolarity in blood)

globulins - immunoglobulins, chaperones

fibrinogen - cleaved into fibrin for clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the formed elements?

A

Platelets, WBCs, RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What proteins are responsible for the elasticity of RBCs?

A

Band 3 and glycophorin link to actin cytoskeleton

integral membrane proteins that make up RBC membrane cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Loss of RBC membrane cytoskeletal proteins

–No biconcave shape, no central pallor, lack flexibility, hemolysis from stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacking of RBCs due to high level of immunoglobulins in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blood is considered a ___.

A

Specialized type of CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Platelets ___ in size as they get older.

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

___ refers to plasma when the clotting factors are removed.

A

Serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do males or females have higher RBC hematocrit counts? What is the average percentage of RBCs?

A

Males

40-42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes up the buffy coat? What percentage of the hematocrit is it?

A

Platelets and leukocytes

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Order the plasma proteins from largest to smallest.

A

Fibrinogen, globulins, albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the lifespan of an RBC?
120 days
26
What kind of plasma causes hemolysis? Crenated RBC appearance?
Hypotonic, hypertonic
27
Describe the cytoplasm of RBC
Lots of Hb | No organelles, energy comes from glycolysis
28
What is the most common type of Hb?
HbA (96% of Hb) binds 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
29
HbA1c
Binds irreversible to glucose, used to monitor glucose levels over 2-3 months
30
Hemoglobin structure
Made of 4 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) bound to a heme (contains iron, binds oxygen)
31
HbF
Fetal hemoglobin, 2 alpha 2 gamma chains, also found in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
32
HbA2
1-3% of abult Hb, 2 alpha 2 delta chains
33
Sickle cell anemia
Point mutation in beta-chain of Hb, hydrophobic AA replaced with hydrophilic AA With low oxygen, cells get misshapen and fragile, makes blood viscous and blocks blood flow
34
Polychromasia
RBCs have bluish tint due to low ribosomes in reticulocytes
35
Hypochromasia
Central pallor too large (>1/3), due to low Hb production, Hb pools in middle
36
Poikilocytosis
RBC change in shape, consists of Schistocytes, Sickle cells, target cells
37
Schistocytes
Sheared RBCs due to clots or prosthetic heart valves
38
Target cells
Increased ratio of SA to volume caused by increased red SA or low Hb content
39
What causes a RBC inclusion?
Too much iron or lead deposited in cell
40
Diapedesis
Macrophages in tissues release cytokines (IL-1 / TNF-a) that signal to endothelial cells to make selectins that act as receptors for WBCs ligands (mainly neutrophils). WBCs roll on endothelial cell selectin receptors, causing Integrins to be expressed on the WBCs and ICAM-1 (integrin receptors) to be expressed on endothelial cells, adhering the WBC to the endothelium so diapedesis can occur
41
What are the segmented cells?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
42
What are the mononuclear cells?
Lymphocytes, monocytes
43
What are other names for neutrophils?
PMNs, polymorphs
44
Which leukocyte is most likely to have the barr body? Why?
Neutrophil since its the most common
45
What is the function of neutrophils?
Phagocytes, defends against bacterial invasion, releases cytokines (pyrogen stimulates prostaglandins causing fever)
46
How to differentiate neutrophils?
- -2x size of RBCs - -Barr body - -Segemented nucleus with condensed chromatin
47
What granules are found in neutrophils?
Primary (type A azurophilic) - lysosomes Secondary (type B specific) - enzymes, antmicrobial peptides, complement activators Tertiary granules - phosphatases and metallogenases (collagenases) for motility
48
Neutrophil leading edge
Ectoplasm contains actin filaments, not granules (for pseudopodia)
49
Chemotaxis
Signals released in tissue attract leukocytes to site of infection Migration controlled by expression of adhesion molecules on PMN surface that interact with ligands on endothelial cells
50
What is pus caused by?
Dead neutrophils after ingesting bacteria
51
How is bacteria phagocytosed by neutrophils?
Zippering mechanism
52
Functions of eosinophils
- -Kill parasites - -Moderate inflammation - -Phagocytic - -Digest products released by mast cells and basophils
53
How to identify eosinophil
- -Bi-lobed nucleus - -Larger than neutrophil - -Hamburger / hotdog granules (crystalloid body)
54
What granules are found in eosinophils?
Specific granules - Large granules with crystalloid body, made of 4 proteins to fight paracites and enzymes to control mast cell response (degrade histamine) Azurophilic granules - lysosomes
55
Basophil identification
- -Not much larger than a RBC - -Bilobed nucleus obscured by granules in H and E dye - -Whorls granules (due to myelin figures)
56
What granules are found in basophils?
Azurophilic granules (lysosomes) Specific granules - fo allergy response: Heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vascular permeability), heparan sulfate (vasodilator), leukotrienes (bronchial constrictor)
57
Basophil function
Similar to mast cells (allergy response), bind IgE to release granule contents
58
Lymphocyte function
Memory cells (immunocompetent) for viral infections
59
Lymphocyte identification
- -Same size as RBCs in blood (larger when activated in lymphatic organs) - -Spherical nucleus, slightly indented - -Little cytoplasm - -Can't differentiate types
60
Lymphocyte content
- -Little, basophilic cytoplasm - -Indented nucleus with Golgi and centriole - -Free ribosomes - -Smeared nuclear profile (more heterochromatic)
61
Monocyte function
Monocytes in blood, differentiate into macrophages in tissue --Exist only in blood for 3 days
62
Monocyte identification
- -Largest WBC - -Lacy, kidney nucleus (mainly heterochromatic, with euchromatin pockets) - -Nucleus more indented than lymphocyte
63
Monocyte content
- -Azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes) | - -Nucleus more indented than lymphocyte
64
Platelets are formed from ___.
Megakaryocytes
65
Platelet structure (4 zones)
--Peripheral zone: plasma membrane and glycocalyx --Structural zone: 12-15 MTs that form a circle around outside --Membrane zone: 2 types of channels >Open cannaliculi system: plasma membrane invaginations >Dense tubular system: from rER of megakaryocyte, concentrates calcium and synthesizes prostaglandins --Organelle zone - granules for clotting >alpha granules: most numerous, for coagulation and platelet aggregation >delta granules: dense bodies for contraction >gamma granules: azurophilic, lysosomes
66
Platelet identification
- -Smaller than RBCs - -Anuclear - -Hyalomere: clear peripheral region - -Granulomere: purple central region
67
Clot formation
1. Exposure of the subendothelial matrix allows platelets to adhere to collagen, releasing alpha granules that aggregate platelets to form the primary hemostatic plug 2. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (via thrombin on glycocalyx of platelets) which forms loose mesh over primary plug 3. Clot retracts from platelet contraction (delta granules 4. Plasmin (from plaminogen via tissue plasminogen activator TPA) breaks apart fibrin, dissolving clot

Histo (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions