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Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 physical characteristics of cartilage?

A
  1. Avascular CT
  2. Made of chondrocytes and matrix
  3. Semirigid, pliable
  4. Provides joint articulation between bones (reduces friction)
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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3
Q

Hyaline cartilage physical characteristics

A

Homogenous, glassy matrix, produced by chondrocytes, surrounded by perichondrium, provides joint articulation between bones

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4
Q

Where is the hyaline cartilage found commonly?

A

Synovial joints, rib cages, trachea

Where intermittent torsion and compression occur

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5
Q

___ produces the hyaline cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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7
Q

What is the main characteristic of cartilage that differentiates it from CT?

A

Semirigidity, allows it to bear weight, found in sites where support is necessary

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8
Q

Chondrocytes characteristics

A
  1. Located within lacunae lakes
  2. Often shrink in tissue prep
  3. Produce / maintain matrix
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9
Q

Chondrocytes morphology

A

In well-preserved tissue: small cells with large rounded nucleus, prominent nucleolus

In growing cartilage: active in protein synthesis, well-developed Golgi, rER

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10
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage made of?

A

Water - 70%
Type II collagen - 15%
Ground substance - 15%

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11
Q

Ground substance

A

Made of proteoglycan aggregates and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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12
Q

The major constituents of the intercellular cartilage matrix are ___ and ___.

A

Collagen, proteoglycans

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13
Q

What makes cartilage resistant to compression?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates are negatively charged and hydrophilic, so they bind water like a sponge, making the cartilage highly hydrated and compressionable

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14
Q

The proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the ___ matrix in cartilage.

A

Collagen (Type II)

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15
Q

Proteoglycan aggregate components

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs: chondroitin/keratain sulfates) associate with core proteins in Golgi and link to hyaluronic acid (like leaves on tree) to from proteoglycans (majority aggrecan), which bind to collagen matrix

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16
Q

Why is the lacunar capsule / territorial matrix of the chondrocyte basophilic?

A

The proteoglycan aggregates

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17
Q

Perichondrium is made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

Outer fibrous layer - Type I collagen

Inner cellular layer - cellular, responsible for cartilage growth

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18
Q

Where is perichondrium located?

A

At periphery of cartilage, acts as fibrous ensheathment

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19
Q

What is the external layer of the perichondrium made of?

A

Type I collagen

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20
Q

What is the inner layer of the perichondrium made of?

A

Fibroblasts, which differentiate into chondroblasts, then chondrocytes

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21
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage

A

External, fast growth on surface (embyros)

Fibroblasts of the inner perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, which mature into chondrocytes to produce the matrix

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22
Q

The inner layer of the perichondrium is ___.

A

Cellular, chondrogenic

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23
Q

New cartilage forming at the surface is considered a ___ process.

A

Appositional

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24
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Slow growth within the cartilage

Chondrocytes divide into isogenic groups of cells

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25
The perichondrium is not present in articular cartilage of the joints. T/F
True, the perichondrium would interfere with movement
26
Appositional growth occur ___ and is ___, while interstitial growth occurs ___ and is ___.
Externally (inner layer of perichondrium), fast Internally, slow (division of chondrocytes)
27
The presence of isogenic groups shows what?
Cartilage is growing via interstitial growth (chondrocytes dividing)
28
Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline, except: Extensive network of elastic fibers with collagen Has clusters of chondrocytes in lacunae, homogenous matrix, ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates, perichondrium
29
Fibrocartilage makeup
Small islets of hyaline cartilage with parallel bundles of Type I collagen No chondrocytes, no perichondrium Very strong / resilient Herring bone pattern of Type I collagen
30
Where is the fibrous cartilage located?
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon insertions
31
What is the strongest type of cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
32
Which cartilage type has the herring bone pattern? Why?
Fibrocartilage, because the Type I collagen displaces the ground substance, compared to the Type II collagen in hyaline that is not clearly visible
33
What tissue type does fibrocartilage resemble? How can you tell the difference between the two?
Dense regular connective tissue Fibrocartilage has lacunae containing round chondrocytes
34
Nutrition of cartilage
The cartilage matrix is avascular, so metabolic exchange occurs via diffusion through water of ground substance Chondrocytes have low metabolic rate
35
In older people, what happens to cartilage?
Calcification, replaced by bone | Calcium crystals/salts deposit in matrix
36
Why does cartilage have a limited capacity for repair / regeneration?
Chondrocytes are unable to migrate to the injury site and have a low proliferation rate
37
Connective tissue, bone, and cartilage all have what in common?
Abundant extracellular substance
38
What is similar about cartilage and bone?
Both have cells (chondrocytes / osteocytes) that are located in lacunae with fibrous covering (perichondrium / periosteum)
39
What is different about cartilage and bone?
The intercellular matrix is rigid with calcium salts (mineralized matrix)
40
Compact bone texture
Dense solid mass
41
Spongy bone texture
Lattice of branching / anastomosing bony trabeculae
42
The different components of the compact and spongy bone is what produces the visible difference. T/F
False, they have the same components, the arrangement of the matrix that makes the visual
43
Functions of bone
- -Support and weight bearing - -Protective - -Biomechanical (enhance muscle actions) - -Metabolic (reservoir for calcium/phosphorous) - -Hematopoietic (bone marrow makes RBCs)
44
The organic components of bone makes up ___% of dry weight, while inorganic makes up ___%.
35% | 65%
45
Organic components of bone
``` Type I collagen fibrils - 90% Ground substance (chondroitin/keratin sulfates w/ soluble protein, glycoproteins) ```
46
Inorganic components of bone
Caclium phosphate (in form of hydroxyapatite crystals)
47
The organic components of bone is the ___.
Decalcified matrix
48
What gives the bones their degree of resiliency even though they are rigid?
Type I collagen
49
What makes the bone so strong?
The alternating arrangement of collagen fibers
50
Osteons
AKA Haversian system Haversian canals surrounded by concentric lamellae of mineralized matrix (collagen fibers) with osteocytes
51
What are the structural units of bone?
Osteons
52
Canaliculi
Extend from and connect the lacunae to each other and vascular spaces (containing capillaries) in bone, act as tunnels for nutrients/metabolites as well as connecting osteocyte processes via gap junctions
53
Osteocytes are ___ active cells that regulate the uptake / release of ___ and ___ in bone.
Metabolically, calcium, phosphate
54
___ are located in the concentric lamellae.
Osteocytes
55
Osteoblasts function
Produce osteoid (bone matrix: Type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
56
Osteoblast morphology
Cuboidal / columnar single layer on surface of growing bone | Polarized nucleus with prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm of Golgi, rER, mitochondira
57
The activity of osteoblasts is stimualted by ___, ___, and ___.
PTH, BMP (bone morphogenic proteins), prostaglandin E2
58
Osteoclast
Large, multinucleated on surface of forming bone that are phagocytic and secrete proteinases, organic acids, and acid phosphatase
59
Osteocytes
Surrounded by lacunae, have processes that extend in canaliculi and connect via gap junctions to other osteocytes, do not divide, and limit matrix synthesis / resorption
60
Osteocyte function
Connect via gap junctions in canaliculi to other osteocytes Limit matrix synthesis and resorption, regulates blood calcium level
61
Osteoclast function is ___ and ___. What do they do?
Secretory, phagocytic | Resorb bone matrix
62
Osteoclast morphology
Large, multinucleated Resorption bay / Howship's lacuna Ruffled border: plasma membrane infoldings near bone, increase SA Clear zone: ring-like structure of actin filaments, focal / precise resorption, sealing zone
63
What cells are seen on the surface of growing bone?
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
64
Osteoprogenitor cells function
Bone-lining cells on quiescent surfaces (no formation/resorption) Monocytes that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts
65
Which bone cell type is associated with the Howship's lacunae?
Osteoclasts
66
What cells function in mineral homeostasis?
Osteocytes and osteoclasts
67
How do osteoclasts function in mineral homeostasis?
Bone resorption can act as a mechanism for release of calcium and phosphate
68
Quiescent surface of bone
No bone formation / resorption
69
The formation of osteoblasts cannot be regulated. T/F
False
70
Osteoclasts are derived via ___ from ___ cells that are ___.
Cell fusion, bone-lining cells, mononuclear
71
What is the function of the ruffled border of ___?
Osteoclasts, membrane infoldings increases resorption area
72
What is the function of the clear zone of ___?
Osteoclasts, seals resorption bay so proteinases and hydrogen chloride doesn't leak out
73
Where is periosteum located?
Between bone and skeletal muscle, on outer surface of bone
74
What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?
Outer fibrous layer | Inner cellular layer, osteogenic with osteoprogenitor cells
75
Endosteum
Lines vascularized canals and inner surface of bone marrow cavity, has osteoprogenitor cells
76
Osteoprogenitor cell morphology
Flat cells, elongated nuclei
77
Sharpey's fibers
Anchor periosteum to bone, abundant at muscles or tendons
78
There is no periosteum between articular cartilage and bone. T/F
True
79
Where are osteogenic cells located?
The inner layer of the periosteum and the endosteum
80
Haversian canals
Parallel to long bone, vascular channels that have capillaries and nerves supported by CT, surrounded by endosteum and lamellae (mineralized matrix with osteocytes), supplied by Volkmann's canals perpendicularly
81
Volkmann's canal
Supply blood vessels and nerves to Haversian canals from periosteal surface and endosteal surface of marrow cavity
82
The ___ canals are perpendicular to the ___ canals that run parallel to the bone.
Volkmann's | Haversian
83
The ___ canal does not have concentric lamellae present.
Volkmann's
84
Interstitial lamellae
Remnants of Haversian systems that were resorbed | Have cement lines (deposits of glyocprotein)
85
Circumferential lamellae
Pass uninterrupted around the external (periosteal) and internal (marrow) surfaces of the bone
86
Spongy bone
Similar structure and composition as compact bone, except has trabecular appearance, no Haversian systems, no periosteum Branching / plates of lamellae enclose CT or marrow, lined with endosteum
87
Matrix proteins are uniformly distributed. T/F
False
88
Osteoblasts produce ___ and ___.
Osteoid (Type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) Matrix vesicles (mineralize) Together they form bone matrix
89
Lacunae
Cavities / lakes that contain osteocytes, located between bone lamellae, are conencted by canaliculi
90
What differentiates endosteum and periosteum?
Periosteum is thicker CT, while endosteum is a single layer of CT
91
Ground bone
Dried bone without organic content

Histo (10 decks)

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