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Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse group of tissue that share common origin mesenchyme (mesoderm)

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2
Q

What does the Mallory dye stain? What color?

A

Collagen, blue

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3
Q

Composed of what 3 things?

A

Fibers, ground substance, few cells

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4
Q

Collagen fiber characterisitcs

A

A glycoprotein, unbranched, flexibile provides tensile strength. acidophilic

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5
Q

What is the most abundant structural fiber in CT?

A

Collagen

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6
Q

Collagen stain with what dyes?

A

Eosin (pink)
Mallory (blue)
Masson’s (green)

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7
Q

Collagen fibers have a definitive uniform length. T/F

A

False, they have indefinite length and variable width

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8
Q

Collagen have ___ when stained with osmium. Why?

A 
Axial periodicity 
Collagen fibrils (68 nm long, spaced by heavy metal) display banding pattern in fibers
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9
Q

Type IV collagen organizes as a ___ in ___.

A

Sheetlike network

Basal laminae

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10
Q

Where is Type III collagen found?

A

Skin, blood vessels, internal organs (stroma of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

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11
Q

Which type of collagen is not organized into fibrils?

A

Type IV (sheetlike networks)

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12
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

90% of collagen is Type ___.

A

Type I

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14
Q

Type III collagen is found in ___ of ___.

A

Reticular lamina of basement membrane

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of CT fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

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16
Q

Reticular fiber characteristics

A

Thin, branching, striated, mainly Type III collagen, coated in proteoglycans, boundary between epithelia and CT

Made by fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, adipose cells, and Schwann cells

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17
Q

What do reticular fibers stain with?

A

Silver salts, PAS

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18
Q

What is the boundary between epithelia and CT?

A

Reticular fibers (reticular lamina of basement membrane)

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19
Q

Reticular fibers make what cellular layer?

A

Reticular lamina of basement membrane

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20
Q

What types of cells are surrounded by reticular fibers?

A

Adipocytes, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, Schwann cells

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21
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Smaller diameter than collagen, branching, mixed with collagen (prevents tearing)

Form loose 3-D networks, fenestrated sheets, or parallel bundles

Made by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

Elastic fibers can be selectively stained with ___ or ___.

A

Orcein, resorcin-fuchsin

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23
Q

Why are elastic fibers mixed with collagen?

A

Elastic fibers tear easily, so collagen provides stability

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24
Q

Which has the smallest diameter: collagen or elastic fibers?

A

Elastic

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25
Which of the CT fibers is branching?
Elastic, reticular
26
What are the 2 components of elastic fibers? How can you differentiate them?
Elastin and microfibrils (electron-dense)
27
Elastin model
Elastin molecules are randomly coiled when relaxed (hydrophobic) and can stretch out when put under pressure, then retract
28
Where is elastic fibers found predominantly?
In organs that need to stretch and return to original shape Elastic arteries (fenestrated concentric layers between smooth m), dermis of skin, lung, elastic ligaments (parallel fibers w/ collagen), vocal folds Found throughout the body
29
Ground substance
Occupies the space between the cells and has high water content
30
Ground substance structure
Proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans GAGs bound to core proteins) with multiadhesive glycoproteins
31
Why is the ground substance have high water content?
The proteoglycans are negatively charged and hydrophilic
32
What are the 2 main functions of the ground substance?
Diffusion and compression support
33
Fibroblasts function
Synthesize collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, and components of ground substance Can differentiate into other cell types (myofibroblasts during wound healing)
34
Fibroblast morphology
Prominent rER and Golgi
35
Macrophages (tissue histiocytes) morphology
Kidney shaped nucleus Abundant lysosomes and phagocytic vesicles Abundant rER, Golgi, secretory vesicles Fuse to form giant cells
36
What is used to stain macrophages?
Trypan blue (ingested by lysosomes)
37
The mononuclear phagocytic system
Blood cells (monocytes) mature into macrophages, which then differentiate into many different types of cells
38
Reticular fibers locations and functions
1. Reticular organs - supporting framework for spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow (reticular cells) 2. Between smooth muscle (smooth m cells) 3. Surround acini of glands, adipocytes, small blood vessels, muscle, nerve (fibroblasts) 4. Boundary between epithelia and CT, attach epithelia to underlying CT 5. Embryonic tissue and wound healing
39
Mast cell morphology
Circular nucleus, lots of secretory granules (pink)
40
Mast cell function
Release histamines in response to IgE receptor (allergies) on membrane, after first exposure they recruit other mast cells and cause larger reaction
41
Mast cell locations
Near small blood vessels in CT of skin and mucous membranes (places that are exposed to external environment) Not in CNS
42
Plasma cell morphology
Basophilic cytoplasm (ergastoplasm - rER, ribosomes, synthesizing proteins) Eccentric nucleus, prominent nuclolus, Soccer ball nucleus
43
Plasma cell function
Secrete antibodies | Derive from B-lymphocytes after exposure to foreign substance
44
Plasma cell locations
GI, respiratory tract, salivary glands, lymph nodes, hemopoietic tissue
45
Reticular cell morphology
Light staining cells, not a lot of heterochromatin, prominent nucleolus Cytoplasm surrounds fibers being produced (tails)
46
Reticular cell locations
Lymphatic organs, bone marrow, adipose tissue
47
Reticular cell functions
Produce reticular fibers in hemopoietic and lymphatic organs, surround blood vessels
48
Adipocytes morphology
Flattened nucleus, thin cytoplasm around lipid droplet
49
Adipocyte function
Fat storing cells (synthesis / storage of lipid), forms adipose tissue, secrete paracrine and endocrine substances (leptin - tells you when your full)
50
What cell type has a nucleus that looks like a soccer ball?
Plasma cell
51
What cell has a kidney shaped nucleus?
Macrophage
52
What cell has a thin nucleus and cytoplasm around lipid droplet?
Adipocyte
53
Adipocyte location
Around blood vessels, acts as cushion
54
What cell types are found in connective tissue?
Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, adipocytes, reticulocytes, fibroblasts
55
What is the most widespread of the CT types?
Loos (areolar) CT
56
What are the boundaries of CT proper?
Epithelial basal lamina and the external/basil lamina of muscle, nerve, and vascular endothelium
57
Where is loose (areolar) CT found?
Where little resistance to stress is required Sites of immune reactions, gas and nutrient exchange Found in tissue where blood vessels are in Supports epithelial parenchyma of major organs and underlies mesothelium lining pleural/peritoneal cavity
58
Loose CT structure
Lots of cells and ground substance, few loosely arranged fibers
59
Dense irregular CT structure
Few cells and ground substance, mostly collagen fibers (with some elastic) in various directions (to resist stretching/pulling)
60
Dense irregular CT locations
Dermis, capsule of organs, sheaths of large neurons, dura mater
61
Dense regular CT structure
Fibers ordered in direction best suited for stress
62
Dense regular CT location
Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, cornea
63
Dense connective tissue is made up of mostly ___ fibers.
Collagen
64
Reticular tissue is a type of ___ CT, packed with ___ fibers made of ___.
Loose, reticular, Type III collagen
65
What organs does reticular tissue form?
Stroma of bone marrow and spleen, lymph nodes
66
How is reticular tissue usually stained? Why?
PAS staining, since it has a lot of glycoproteins (ground substance and collagen are glycoproteins)
67
Reticular tissue morphology
Circular fibers around blood vessels, PAS stain (lots of glycoproteins)
68
Elastic tissue structure
Dense CT with lots of elastic fibers (some collagen too), little ground substance and cells
69
Elastic tissue locations
Where bending occurs | Neck, vocal folds, aorta
70
Elastic fibers staining methods
Feulgen stains and no staining (yellow-red tissue)
71
Adipose tissue structure
Mostly cellular, little extracellular components
72
Adipose tissue function
Lipid storage and energy homeostasis, secretes hormones (endocrine organ)
73
Adipose tissue locations
Places where blood vessels are traveling, to cushion
74
White adipose tissue morphology
Single large lipid droplet, closely packed, squished nucleus, little ECM
75
White adipose tissue location
``` Subcutaneous tissue (distribution affected by age, sex, genes) Omentum, mesenteries, retroperitoneal areas (fasting decreases lipid amount) Orbit of eye, joints, palms/soles (fasting doesn't change) ```
76
Brown adipose tissue morphology
Smaller cells than white, individually packaged lipid droplets, circular nucleus, highly vascular
77
Brown adipose tissue function
Used for heat production (abundant in newborns)
78
Thermoregulation in infants
Sympathetic innervation increases blood flow to brown fat and stimulates brown fat to release NoEP, which leads to the breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol for fatty acid oxidation that makes heat
79
What is the function of brown fat and white fat cells?
Brown fat - heat | White fat - cushion
80
Macrophage functions
``` Antigen-presenting - lymphocyte activation Secretion of cytokines for inflammation Cell reorganization Tissue damage Tumoricidal activity Microbicidal activity ```
81
Mast cells are always found in ____ tissue.
Loose connective
82
What kind of CT is associated with skeletal muscle?
Dense regular CT

Histo (10 decks)

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