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BIOL 3320 > Blood and Blood Vessel Exam > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Vessel Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does an adult have?

A

4-6 L

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

Matrix of blood, it is a clear light yellow fluid.

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3
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Blood cells and cell fragments

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4
Q

What are the 3 formed elements?

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets

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5
Q

What is the other name of RBC?

A

Erythrocytes

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6
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

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7
Q

What is the other name for WBC?

A

Leukocytes

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8
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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9
Q

What are the 3 Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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10
Q

What are the 2 Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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11
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

Centrifuge blood to separate components

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12
Q

What does the tube of blood after centrifuge look like?

A

The bottom of the erythrocytes is around 45%, then there is a buffy coat that is leukocytes and platelets, and then the top is the plasma which is around 50%

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13
Q

What does it mean when you have an increased hematocrit? What about a decreased one?

A

Increased hematocrit means an increase in erythrocytes in blood and a decreased hematocrit means a decrease in erythrocytes in blood

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14
Q

What is serum?

A

The remaining fluid in plasma when blood clots and solids are romoved

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15
Q

What makes serum different from plasma?

A

Serum is identical except it does not have fibrinogen

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16
Q

What is albumins?

A

Smallest and most abundant plasma protein

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17
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Precursor of fibrin threads that help from blood clots

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18
Q

Where are plasma proteins formed?

A

Formed in the liver

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19
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow

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20
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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20
Q

What does it mean if the osmolarity is too high?

A

Blood absorbs too much water and it increases blood pressure

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21
Q

What does it mean if the osmolarity is too low?

A

Too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure decreases

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21
Q

What is Hypoproteinemia?

A

A deficiency of plasma proteins

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21
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Production of blood

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22
Q

Where is hemopoiesis formed?

A

In the red bone marrow

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23
Q

What are the two functions of erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pickup CO2 from tissues to bring to the lungs

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24
Q

What does erythrocytes lack compared to a normal cell?

A

Mitochondria and nucleus

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25
Q

How many protein chains does adult hemoglobin have?

A

4, 2 alpha and 2 beta

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26
Q

How many protein chains does fetal hemoglobin have?

A

4, 2 alpha and 2 gamma

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27
Q

What is at the center of a heme group?

A

iron

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28
Q

What are the erythrocyte production steps?

A

Starts as a stem cell, then goes through a colony-forming unit which goes to erythroblast then removes its nucleus to a reticulocyte. Once it matures it is an erythrocyte

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29
Q

What is iron stored as in the liver?

A

Ferritin

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30
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Inadequate O2 transportation which causes a drop in RBC

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31
Q

What is secreted to fix the hypoxemia?

A

Erythropoietin

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32
Q

What increase erythropoiesis?

A

Low O2 levels, high altitude, and increase in exercise

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33
Q

Where do RBC die?

A

In the spleen

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34
Q

What are the two ways a RBC are broken down?

A

Heme or Globins

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35
Q

What does a Heme RBC breakdown mean?

A

It goes into bilirubin and iron. The bilirubin is removed by the liver and secreted.

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36
Q

What does a Globins RBC breakdown mean?

A

Turned into amino acids

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37
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

An excess of RBC

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38
Q

What can cause polycythemia?

A

Cancer of cell line in red bone marrow or dehydration

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39
Q

What is anemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

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40
Q

What are the three potential consequences of anemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, blood osmolarity is reduced, or blood viscosity is low

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41
Q

How does one get the Sickle-Cell Disease?

A

Hereditary

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42
Q

What does the sickle-cell disease do to RBC?

A

clump together and block small blood vessels

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43
Q

What are RBC antigens called?

A

Agglutinogens

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44
Q

What are RBC antibodies called?

A

Agglutinins

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45
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

In plasma

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46
Q

If you are blood type A, what antibodies do you have?

A

B antibodies

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47
Q

What happens if you get the wrong blood type?

A

Your antibodies to that blood with connect and clog your vessels

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48
Q

What antigen does O have?

A

none

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49
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

OW

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50
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

AB

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51
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

O

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52
Q

What is the universal receiver?

A

AB

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53
Q

What differs between Rh- and Rh+?

A

Rh- can only receive Rh- blood while Rh+ can receive both Rh- and Rh+

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54
Q

What is hemolytic disease?

A

If a Rh- mother has formed antibodies and is pregnant with a second child that is Rh+

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55
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

nonspecific granules in all WBC

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56
Q

Describe Neutrophils

A

three to five-lobed nucleus and barely visible granules. 60-70%

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57
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus and large rosy-orange granules. 2-4%

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58
Q

Describe Basophils

A

S-shaped nucleus and large, abundant, violet granules. <1%

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59
Q

Describe Lymphocytes

A

Uniform dark violet nucleus with a variable amount of bluish cytoplasm. 25-33%

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60
Q

Describe Monocytes

A

Largest WBC. horseshoe-shaped nucleus. 3-8%

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61
Q

What do neutrophils do in the body?

A

Increase numbers in bacterial infection

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62
Q

What do eosinophils do in the body?

A

Increase numbers in parasitic infections

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63
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Increase numbers in chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes

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64
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Increase numbers in diverse infections and immune responses. It destroys cancer, foreign cells, and secretes antibodies, and provides immune memory.

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65
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation

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66
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

Production of white blood cells

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67
Q

What does myeloblast form?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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68
Q

What does monoblast form?

A

Monocytes

69
Q

What does lymphoblast form?

A

All forms of lymphocytes

70
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low WBC count

71
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

High WBC count

72
Q

What is the complete blood count?

A

It the hematocrit, total counts of RBC, WBC, and platelets

73
Q

What are platelets?

A

small fragments of megakaryocyte cells

74
Q

What are platelet functions?

A

Reduce blood loss, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, and initiate the formation of clot-dissolving enzymes.

75
Q

Where are megakaryocytes?

A

In the bone marrow

76
Q

What are the steps in hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, then coagulation

77
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

Prompt constriction of a broken vessel, is protective against blood lost.

78
Q

What is Platelet plug formation?

A

Platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessels and other platelets to draw together a plug.

79
Q

What is coagulation?

A

The last and most effective defense against bleeds is where fibrin threads form the framework of clots by conversion of fibrinogen.

80
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

Tissue damage releases thromboplastin/factor 3. It activates factor 10

81
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

Platelets release factor 7 which activates factor 10

82
Q

hat does Factor 10 activate?

A

Prothrombin activation which goes into the cycle of making fibrin from prothrombin or fibrinogen in the liver.

83
Q

Which pathway has fewer steps?

A

The extrinsic pathway

84
Q

What is required for both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

Calcium

85
Q

What is thrombin dilution?

A

Rapidly flowing blood to stop inappropriate clotting.

86
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

Family of hereditary diseases that are sex-linked. A is missing factor 8 (most common) and B is missing factor 9

87
Q

What is hematomas?

A

masses of clotted blood in the tissues

88
Q

What is Thrombosis?

A

Abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels.

89
Q

What is Thrombus?

A

A clot that occurs in leg veins

90
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

Clot that could break free and travel from veins to lungs

91
Q

What is Embolus?

A

Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels

92
Q

What is infraction?

A

Tissue death may occur if a clot blocks the blood supply and can cause MI or stroke.

93
Q

What are artereis?

A

They carry blood away from heart

94
Q

What are veins?

A

They carry blood back to heart

95
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Connect smallest arteries to smallest veins

96
Q

What are the three walls of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa

97
Q

What is tunica interna?

A

Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood, made up of endothelium and a permeable barrier that secretes chemicals

98
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle layer is smooth muscle, collage, and elastic tissue. It strengthens vessels and regulates diameter.

99
Q

What is tunica externa (adventitia)?

A

The outermost layer is the loose connective tissue that anchors the vessel.

100
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

Small vessels that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels

101
Q

Describe conducting arteries

A

The biggest arteries such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk. They have a layer called internal elastic lamina between interna and media. Also an external elastic lamina between the media and externa. Expand during systole and recoil during diastole

102
Q

Describe distributing arteries

A

Medium arteries that distribute blood to specific organs. The wall thickness is mainly smooth muscle layers

103
Q

Describe Resistance arteries

A

smallest arteries that control the amount of blood to various organs. It has a thicker tunica media and very little tunica externa

104
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries

105
Q

What is aneurysm?

A

Weak point in artery or heart wall

106
Q

What do carotid sinuses do?

A

Also known as baroreceptors, monitor blood pressure through the glossopharyngeal nerve

107
Q

What are the two chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

108
Q

What are carotid bodies?

A

Oval bodies that branch off common carotids that monitor blood chemistry. Also adjust respiratory rate

109
Q

What are aortic bodies?

A

Bodies in walls of aortic arch but innervation is by vagus nerve

110
Q

What are capillaries?

A

exchange vessels that pass stuff between blood and tissue fluid

111
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

Occur in most tissues that have tight junctions that allow passage of solutes

112
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Kidney and small intestine, require rapid absorption or filtration. Allows passage of only small molecules

113
Q

What are sinusoid (discontinuous capillaries)?

A

Liver, bone marrow, and spleen. Irregular blood-filled spaces that allow proteins, clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter

114
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Networks of 10-100 capillaries. They are supplied by a single arteriole

115
Q

What happens at the distal end of capillary beds?

A

The capillaries transition to venules or drain into thoroughfare channel

116
Q

Where is most of your blood at any given time?

A

In your veins

117
Q

What are postcapillary venules?

A

The smallest veins exchange fluid with surrounding tissues. It has a tunica interna with few fibroblasts.

118
Q

What are muscular venules?

A

up to 1 mm in diameter, has 1 to 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica. thin tunica externa

119
Q

What are medium veins?

A

up to 10 mm in diameter. Has a thin tunica media and thick tunica exerna. The tunica interna forms venous valves

120
Q

What is Varicose veins?

A

When blood pools in lower legs of people who stand for long periods stretching the veins

121
Q

What are hemorroids?

A

Varicose veins of the anal canal

122
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

Veins with thin walls and large lumens. No smooth muscle

123
Q

What are large veins?

A

Diameter larger than 10 mm. Some smooth muscle in all 3 tunics. The tunica externa is the thickest layer and there is a thin tunica media.

124
Q

What is the simplest circulatory route?

A

Heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins

125
Q

What is the portal system?

A

Blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

126
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Convergence point between two vessels other than capillaries

127
Q

What is arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

Artery flows directly into vein, bypassing capillaries

128
Q

What is venous anastomosis?

A

Most common when one vein empties directly into another

129
Q

What is arteria lanastomosis?

A

Two arteries merge and provides alternative routes of blood

130
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow per given volume of mass of tissue in a given time

131
Q

What is the total blood flow?

A

equal to cardiac output (5.25 L/min)

132
Q

What is pressure and blood flow relationships?

A

The increase of pressure then the blood flow increases

133
Q

What is resistance and blood flow relationship?

A

The increase of the resistance then the decrease of blood flow

134
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/75 mm Hg

135
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

136
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

Stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls

137
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of lipid deposits that become plaques

138
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Chronic high blood pressure (140/90)

139
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Chronic low resting blood pressure (90/60)

140
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance to flow

141
Q

What increases viscosity?

A

RBC count and albumin

142
Q

What decreases viscosity?

A

anemia

143
Q

What does an increased vessel length do?

A

It encounters more cumulative friction. It decreases pressure and flow

144
Q

What is the most significant way of controlling resistance?

A

Vessel radius

145
Q

What is the most powerful influence over flow?

A

Vessel radius

146
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When smooth muscle of tunica media contracts

147
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Relaxation of the smooth muscle

148
Q

Does blood velocity decrease or increase from aorta to capillaries?

A

Decrease because it is a greater distance and smaller radii which cause greater resistance

149
Q

Does blood velocity decrease or increase from capillaries to vena cava?

A

Increases because less resistance to bigger veins

150
Q

What have the most control of peripheral resistance and flow?

A

Arterioles

151
Q

What is local control?

A

autoregulation where tissues regulate their own blood supply

152
Q

What are vasoactive chemicals?

A

Substances secreted by platelets and cells to stimulate vasomotor responses

153
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure

154
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide do?

A

Lowers blood volume and pressure, promotes vasodilation

155
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Promotes water retention and raises BP

156
Q

What do Epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

The alpha ones vasoconstrictor while beta vasodilator

157
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A

Two way movement of fluid across capillary walls

158
Q

What are the mechanisms used for capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, and reabsorption

159
Q

What does diffusion do?

A

The most important exchange; is when the solute can permeate the membranes or find passages large enough to pass. Lipid and water-soluble, no large particles

160
Q

What does transcytosis do?

A

Pick up material on one side and discharge material on other side

161
Q

What does blood hydrostatic pressure do?

A

Drives fluid out of capillary, high on arterial end and low on venous

162
Q

What does colloid osmotic pressure do?

A

Draws fluid into capillary, results from albumin

163
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The net COP (Blood COP - Tissues COP)

164
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid

165
Q

How much does capillaries reabsorb?

A

85%

166
Q

What does the leftover 15% go?

A

Absorbed by the lymphatic system that returns it to the blood

167
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue

168
Q

What is venous return?

A

The flow of blood back to the heart

169
Q

What are the mechanisms of venous return?

A

Pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump in limbs, thoracic pump, and cardiac suction

170
Q

What does exercise do to venous return?

A

It increases it by increasing CO and BP

171
Q

What causes venous pooling?

A

inactivity because there is not enough force to push blood upward

172
Q

What is typertension?

A

The most common cardiovascular disease. Damages heart by increasing afterload

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

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