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BIOL 3320 > Exam 5 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

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2
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

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3
Q

What are Paracrines?

A

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that ravel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

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5
Q

What cells are affected by hormones?

A

Only cells with receptors that respond to hormones

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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7
Q

What is endocrine glands?

A

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

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8
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of other tissue or organ

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9
Q

How does the nervous system react and stop?

A

The nervous reacts quickly and stops quickly

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10
Q

How does the endocrine react and stop?

A

Reacts slowly and effects may continue for days or longer

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11
Q

How does the nervous system adapt to long-term stimuli?

A

Response declines (adapts quickly)

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12
Q

How does the endocrine system adapt to long-term stimuli?

A

Its responses persists (adapts slowly)

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13
Q

What is the area of effect of the nervous system?

A

Targeted and specific (one organ)

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14
Q

What is the area of effect of the endocrine system?

A

The general, widespread effects (many organs)

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15
Q

What are target organs or cells?

A

Those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormones and can respond to it

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16
Q

What chemical functions as both hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

How does the nervous system communitcate?

A

Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

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18
Q

How does the endocrine system communicate?

A

Hormones

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19
Q

How does the nervous system send neurotransmitters?

A

It releases them at synapses at specific target cells

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20
Q

How does the endocrine system release hromones?

A

It releases them into bloodstream for general distribution throughout body

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus shaped like and what is its function?

A

A flattened funnel; it regulates primitive functions

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22
Q

What is adenohypophysis?

A

The anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What is neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

A stalk called the infundibulum

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25
Q

How much does the anterior lobe consist of the pituitary?

A

3/4

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26
Q

How is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypophyseal portal system

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27
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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28
Q

Where is ACTH released?

A

Anterior pituitary

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29
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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30
Q

Where is ADH released?

A

Posterior pituitary

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31
Q

Where is CRH released?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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32
Q

Where is CRH released?

A

The hypothalamus

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33
Q

What hormone does CRH release and where?

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

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34
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin

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35
Q

Where is EPO released?

A

Kidneys, liver

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36
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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37
Q

Where is FSH released?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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38
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth Hormone

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39
Q

Where is GH released?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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40
Q

What is GHRH?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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41
Q

Where is GHRH released?

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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43
Q

Where is GnRH released?

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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45
Q

Where is LH released?

A

Anterior pituitary

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46
Q

What is OT?

A

Oxytocin

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47
Q

Where is OT released?

A

Posterior pituitary

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48
Q

What is PIH?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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49
Q

Where is PIH released?

A

Hypothalamus

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50
Q

What is PRL?

A

Prolactin

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51
Q

Where is PRL released?

A

Anterior pituitary

52
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

53
Q

Where is TRH released?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

55
Q

Where is TSH released?

A

Anterior pituitary

56
Q

How many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus? How many go to anterior and how many go to posterior?

A

8 hormones, 6 anterior and 2 posterior

57
Q

What hormones are released by TRH?

A

TSH and PRL

58
Q

What hormones are released by CRH?

A

ACTH

59
Q

What hormones are released by GNRH?

A

FSH and LH

60
Q

What hormones are released by GHRH?

A

GH

61
Q

What does PIH do?

A

Inhibit secretion of prolactin

62
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibit secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

63
Q

What are the two gonadotropin hormones that target gonads?

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone)

64
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Secretion of ovarian sex hormones, ovarian follicles, and sperm production

65
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, and stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

66
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

67
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

68
Q

What does PRL do?

A

After birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

69
Q

What does GH do?

A

Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

70
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases water retention, reducing urine volume, and preventing dehydration. Can cause vasoconstriction

71
Q

What does OT do?

A

It is released during sexual arousal and orgasm, also stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, stimulates flow of milk during lactation

72
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones

73
Q

What is IGF_I?

A

Insulin-like growth factors

74
Q

What does IGF-I do?

A

Prolongs the action of GH

75
Q

How long is the half-life of GH with and without IGF-I?

A

It is originally 6 to 20 mins, with it its 20 hours

76
Q

What does GH in the liver do?

A

It increases protein synthesis, Increases lipid metabolism, Increases carbohydrate metabolism, and helps electrolyte balance

77
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Attached to the roof of the third ventricle beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum.

78
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Synthesizes melatonin from serotonin

79
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin

80
Q

What do the hormones from the thymus do?

A

Stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes

81
Q

What is important about the thyroid gland?

A

Largest gland that is purely endocrine

82
Q

What are thyroid follicles?

A

Sacs that make up most of thyroid, contains protein-rich colloid

83
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles

84
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A

Thyroxine, tetraiodothyronine, and triiodothyronine

85
Q

What do the hormones released by the thyroid gland do?

A

They increase metabolic rate and growth hormone secretion. They contain parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin

86
Q

Why do the thyroid hormones secrete calcitonin?

A

They release it with right blood calcium, it stimulates blood formation in children

87
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Four glands embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland

88
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

The parathyroid hormone

89
Q

What does the PTH hormone do?

A

Increases blood calcium levels by synthesis of calcitriol and increases absorption of calcium.

90
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Small glands that sit on top of each kidney

91
Q

What are the two things that the adrenal glands do?

A

They are an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system

92
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

93
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa release and what does it do?

A

Mineralocorticoids so aldosterone that stimulates Na retention and K excretion

94
Q

What does the zona fasciculata release and what does it do?

A

Glucocorticoids in response to ACTH, it regulate metabolism of glucose

95
Q

What is the example of the glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol and corticosterone that stimulate fat and protein catabolism

96
Q

What is secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?

A

Sex steroids. Androgens have a large role in prenatal male development (DHEA) and the formation of characteristics of puberty. Also, estradiol that is important after menopause

97
Q

What of the parts of the pancreatic islets are exocrine and endocrine?

A

The pancreas is 99% exocrine but the end of its tail is the 1% endocrine

98
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Secreted by A or alpha cells in the pancreas

99
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

It is released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling

100
Q

How is insulin secreted?

A

By B or beta cells in the pancreas

101
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It is secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising

102
Q

What is a lack of insulin called?

A

Diabetes mellitus

103
Q

What are the exocrine products of the ovaries and testes?

A

Eggs and sperm

104
Q

What are the endocrine products of ovaries and testes?

A

Gonadal hormones, mostly steroids

105
Q

What are the ovarian hormones?

A

Estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin

106
Q

What are the testicular hormones?

A

Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin

107
Q

What secretes progesterone?

A

The corpus luteum after ovulation for 12 days

108
Q

What secretes inhibin?

A

Follicle and corpus luteum

109
Q

What are the functions of estradiol and progesterone?

A

Development of female reproductive system and regulates menstrual cycle

110
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Suppresses FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

111
Q

Where is testosterone and other steroids released?

A

Interstitial cells between tubules

112
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates development of male reproductive system and sustains sperm production

113
Q

Where is inhibin released?

A

Sustentacular cells

114
Q

Why does inhibin limit FSH secretion in males?

A

To regulate sperm production

115
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Inadequate hormone release

116
Q

What does hypersecretion of GH do?

A

Acromegaly which is the thickening of bone, causes gigantism

117
Q

What does hyposecretion of GH cause?

A

Dwarfism

118
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

IT is a surgical excision during thyroid surgery; can kill the person do to decrease in blood calcium level

119
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Excess PTH secretion that causes parathyroid tumor, bones become soft

120
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus?

A

Inaction of insulin, can cause polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

121
Q

What is used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin injections

122
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

It is caused by insulin resistance

123
Q

What is used to treat type 2?

A

Weight-loss and exercise

124
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Cells cannot absorb glucose and rely on fat and proteins for energy needs

125
Q

What is chronic pathology?

A

Chronic hyperglycemia which leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

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