The Heart Exam Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Which circuit is on the right side?
A
Pulmonary circuit
2
Q
What does the Pulmonary circuit do?
A
Carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and back to the heart
3
Q
Which circuit is on the left side?
A
Systemic circuit
4
Q
What does the Systemic circuit do?
A
Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns to the heart
5
Q
What part of the heart sends all the organs blood?
A
The aorta
6
Q
What brings oxygenated blood from the lungs?
A
Pulmonary veins
7
Q
How does deoxygenated blood go to the heart?
A
The inferior and superior venae cavae
8
Q
What sends blood to the lungs?
A
The pulmonary trunk
9
Q
Where is the base of the heart?
A
The top larger part
10
Q
Where is the apex of the heart?
A
The small end
11
Q
What covers the heart?
A
Pericardium
12
Q
What is the deepest layer of the heart?
A
The endocardium
13
Q
What is the middle “meaty” layer of the heart?
A
The myocardium
14
Q
What is the outermost layer of the heart?
A
The epicardium
15
Q
The little gap in the layer of pericardium is called?
A
The pericardial cavity
16
Q
The pericardial cavity has two layers, what are they?
A
The fibrous layer and the serous layer
17
Q
What’s the purpose of the pericardium?
A
Allows heart to beat without friction and room for expansion
18
Q
What is the other name for epicardium?
A
The visceral pericardium
19
Q
What is the parietal pericardium?
A
The pericardial sac
20
Q
What is the inflammation of the pericardium membrane called?
A
Pericarditis
21
Q
What is another term for the myocardium?
A
The fibrous skeleton of the heart
22
Q
What are the four chambers of the heart?
A
Left and right atria, left and right ventricles
23
Q
Which chambers are inferior?
A
the ventricles
24
Q
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
A
Main blood vessels for the right side going to the lungs (deoxygenated)
25
What chamber does the superior and inferior vena cava go to?
The right atria
26
What does systole mean?
contraction
27
What does diastole mean?
relaxed
28
What separates the atria?
The interatrial septum
29
What is the internal ridges of myocardium called?
Pectinate muscles
30
What separates the ventricles?
The interventricular septum
31
What are the ridges in the ventricles called?
Trabeculae carneae
32
What are the 3 and 2 muscles called in the ventricles?
Papillary muscles
33
What separates the atria and ventricles?
Atrioventricular sulcus
34
What overlays the interventricular septum?
The interventricular sulcus
35
What are the two valves?
The Atrioventricular and Semilunar
36
What do the valves do?
Ensure one-way flow of blood through heart
37
What does the atrioventricular valve control blood flow between?
The atria and ventricles
38
What is the right AV valve?
The tricuspid valve
39
What is the left AV valve?
The mitral valve
40
What are the cords connective the AV valves to the papillary muscle?
The chordae tendineae
41
What does the semilunar valve control flow of?
Control flow into great arteries
42
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
43
Where is the aortic semilunar valve?
Between left ventricle and aorta
44
What valve is open when the ventricles relax? (Pressures drops inside the venticles?
The AV valve opens
45
What valve is open when the ventricles contract?
The Semilunar valve opens
46
How does the blood enter the heart at first?
In the right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae
47
Where does the blood go after the right atrium?
Through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
48
What causes the pulmonary valve to open?
Contraction of the right ventricle
49
Where does the blood go after the pulmonary trunk?
It gets oxygenated then returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium
50
Why is some of the blood pumped by the heart stay in the heart?
Because it goes through strenuous workload and needs oxygen and nutrients
51
What is the big blue vein on the back of the heart?
The coronary sinus
52
The aorta has two red veins go down the front, what are they called?
The Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
53
What compresses the coronary arteries and obstructs blood flow?
Contraction of the myocardium
54
What does the opening of the aortic vale during ventricular systole do to coronary arteries?
It blocks blood flow to the coronary arteries
55
What is the left coronary artery branch called?
The anterior interventricular branch
56
What is the circumflex branch?
A branch off the LCA
57
What is the right coronary artery branch called?
The right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch
58
What is coronary artery disease?
A constriction of the coronary arteries
59
What does the coronary artery disease do to blood flow?
There is build-up of fat in the arteries that constricts blood flow
60
What is Myocardial infarction?
A heart attack
61
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain from obstruction of coronary blood flow
62
When is venous drainage?
5% to 10% coronary blood drains directly into the heart chambers
63
What does the great cardiac vein do?
Collects blood from anterior portion of heart and empties into coronary sinus
64
What does the middle cardiac vein do?
Also known as posterior interventricular, collects blood from posterior portion of the heart and drains into coronary sinus
65
What does the left marginal vein do?
Empties into the coronary sinus
66
What three veins empty blood into the coronary sinus?
The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular), and the left marginal vein
67
Where does the coronary sinus empty blood
Into the right atrium
68
What are glycogen?
Sugar storage to help with making atp
69
What are cardiocytes?
Striated, thick cells with one central nucleus and glycogen
70
What repairs damage to cardiac muscle?
Fibrosis
71
What holds cardiocytes together?
Intercalated disc and gap junctions
72
What are cardiac muscles rich in?
Myoglobin and glycogen
73
What fill up 25% of the cardiac muscle cells?
Huge mitochondria
74
What are the cardiac muscle cells most vulnerable to?
Oxygen deficiency
75
What makes the cardiac muscle cells different from other muscles?
Fatigue resistant
76
What is known as the internal pacemaker
The Sinotrial node (SA)
77
What is the first step of the conduction system?
The SA node fires
78
What does the SA node firing do?
Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium
79
What happens after the SA node fires?
The AV node fires
80
What spreads the AV node excitation?
The Purkinje fibers
81
What do the sympathetic nerves do to the heart rate?
Increases
82
What do the parasympathetic nerves do to the heart rate?
Decreases
83
What is the other name for the parasympathetic nerve?
The vagus nerve
84
What region fires if the SA node is damaged?
The Ectopic focus
85
What region fires if the SA node and the ectopic focus are damaged?
The nodal rhythm which is set by the AV node
86
True or false: The SA node has a stable resting membrane potential?
False
87
What does the SA node start at?
-60 mV
88
What is pacemaker potential?
Gradual depolarization
89
What causes the -60 mV to drift upwards?
Slow Na inflow
90
What happens when it reaches a threshold of -40 mV?
Voltage-gated fast Ca and Na channels open
91
What happens at 0 mV?
K channels open to let K out of the cell
92
What causes repolarizaiton?
The K channels opening
93
When does the pacemaker potential start over?
When K channels close
94
What does the SA node fire do?
Sets off heartbeat
95
How much Na goes out and K go in?
3Na outside and 2K inside
96
What are the steps of the electrical behavior of the myocardium?
1. Na gates open
2. Rapid depolarization
3. Na gates close
4. Slow Ca channels open
5. Ca channels close and K channels open (Repolarization)
97
What is the electrocardiogram?
Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cell detected
98
What is the P wave?
When the SA node fires and atria depolarize
99
What is the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization
100
What is the ST segment?
Ventricular systole
101
What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization and relaxation
102
What is heart block?
Failure to conduction system to conduct
103
What is premature ventricular contraction?
Extra beats due to the ectopic focus
104
What is valvular insufficiency?
Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux
105
What is mitral valve prolapse?
When one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction.
106
What is mitral valve prolapse caused by?
Hereditary
107
What is S1 sound "lubb" caused by?
AV valves closing
108
What is S2 sound "dupp" caused by?
Semilunar valves closing
109
What is ventricular filling?
When the ventricles expand and their pressures drops below the atria
110
What valve opens during ventricular filling?
The AV valve
111
What is the end-diastolic volume during ventricular filling?
130 mL of blood
112
What does the atria do during ventricular filling?
they contract
113
What does the atria do during isovolumetric contraction?
They relax
114
What valves are open during isovolumetric contraction?
Neither
115
When sound is during isovolumetric contraction?
S1
116
How much blood is changed during isovolumetric contraction?
Zero
117
When does ventricular ejection begin?
When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and semilunar valves open?
118
What is the stroke volume during Ventricular ejection?
70 mL
119
How do you find ESV?
ESV = EDV - SV
120
When do semilunar valves close?
During isovolumetric relaxation
121
What sound is heard during isovolumetric relaxation?
S2
122
What does EDV stand for?
The end- diastolic volume
123
Was does ESV stand for?
The end- systolic volume
124
What is Congestive Heart failure?
Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively
125
What does left ventricular failure cause?
Blood goes into the lungs causing pulmonary edema
126
What does right ventricular failure cause?
Blood backs up into the vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema
127
What is CO formula?
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
128
What is the cardiac output normally?
4 to 6 L/min
129
What is cardiac reserve?
The difference between someone's maximum and resting CO
130
What is tachycardia?
Resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm
131
What is bradycardia?
Resting adult heart rate less than 60 bpm
132
What are positive chronotropic agents?
Factors that raise heart rate
133
What are negative chronotropic agents?
Factors that lower heart rate
134
What is vagal tone?
Holds down the heart rate to 70-80 bpm
135
What area regulates heart rate?
The medulla oblongata
136
What does the vagus nerve do to the heart rate?
It decreases it
137
What does cutting the vagus nerve do to the heart rate?
It increases it
138
What are the baroreceptors
They are pressure sensors in aorta
139
Where are baroreceptors located?
In the internal carotid
140
What three variables govern stroke volume?
Preload, contractility, and afterload
141
What does increased preload do?
Increase stroke volume
142
What does increase contractility do?
Increase stroke volume
143
What does increase afterload do?
Decrease stroke volume
144
What is preload?
The amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts
145
What is the Frank-starling law?
That stroke volume is proportional to the end-diastolic volume
146
What does hypercalcemia do to contractions?
It causes stronger prolonged contractions
147
What does hypocalcemia do to contractions?
It causes weak and irregular heartbeat
148
What is afterload?
Sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle
149
What valve does the afterload oppose to the opening of?
The semilunar valves
150
What is Cor pulmonale?
Right ventricular failure due to obstructed pulmonary circulation
151
What does increased muscular activity cause?
Increases preload and cardiac output which increases the stroke volume
