Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 3320 > Exam 3 - Lymphatic and Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is an immune system?

A

It is not an organ system but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

It is a network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid, activate immune responses, inspect for disease agents, and return fluid to bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the lymphatic fluid recovery system?

A

Fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of the fluid goes into the lymphatic system?

A

15% (2 to 4 L/day) of the water and half the plasma proteins go into it and then are returned to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is lymph and what does it look like?

A

The recovered fluid. It is a clear, colorless fluid that originates as extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

They are vessels that transport the lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are lymphatic tissues?

A

They are composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are lymphatic organs?

A

Organs where defense cells are concentrated and are separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries (also known as terminal lymphatics)?

A

They penetrate nearly every tissue of the body where it is closed on one end and covered by endothelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What doe lymphatic vessels do?

A

Converge into larger and larger vessels and have collecting vessels that go through many lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the 6 lymphatic trunks do?

A

Drain major portions of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two collecting ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct do?

A

Receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

It is larger and longer; and begins in a sac in the abdomen where it receives lymph from below the diaphragm and left side of the body where it empties into the left subclavian vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does most of the lymph go to?

A

The thoracic duct; it does the lower body and the left side of the upper body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does lymph flow?

A

At low pressure and slower speed then venous blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is lymph moved through vessels?

A

Rhythmic contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the flow of lymph?

A

1- aided by skeletal muscle pump
2- arterial pulsation rhythmically squeezes lymphatic vessels
3- thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity
4- Valves prevent backward flow
5- the rapid flowing blood in subclavian veins draws lymph into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What increases lymphatic return?

A

exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Large lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissues, host cells that are infected, or turned cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are T lymphocytes (T cells) matured?

A

In the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do B lymphocytes (B cells) do?

A

When activated causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that then produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells that alert immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Branched mobile APCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Alert immune system to pathogens that have breached the body surface and migrate to lymph nodes to activate immune reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are reticular cells?

A

Branched stationary cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are lymphatic nodules (follicles)?

A

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does red bone marrow and thymus do to help the lymphatic system?

A

They are the site where T and B cells become immunocompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does immunocompetent mean?

A

When the cells are able to recognize and respond to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens in the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Immunocompetent cells populate these tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the thymus?

A

A bilobed organ that has fibrous capsule that divide the gland into several lobe; includes reticular epithelial cells tat seal off cortex from medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are lymph nodes purpose?

A

Cleanse the lymph and act as a site of T and B cell activationW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two vessels in lymph nodes?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel and efferent lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does afferent lymphatic vessel do?

A

They lead into the node along its convex surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does efferent lymphatic vessel do?

A

The lymph will leave the node through them that leave the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Does the lymph node fill up or drain faster?

A

It has 4 faucets but only 1 drain so it will go in quicker than it will leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How many afferent lymphatic vessels and efferent lymphatic vessels do a single lymph node have?

A

1 efferent and 4 afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Patches of lymphatic tissue at the entrance to the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 3 main sets of tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are palatine tonsils?

A

At posterior margin of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where are lingual tonsils?

A

Pair at root of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?

A

Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the spleen?

A

The body’s largest lymphatic organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Having RBC come and go, will kill the old and fragile RBC. The white pulp monitors blood from foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the second line of defense?

A

Several nonspecific defense mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the third line of defense?

A

The immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is nonspecific immunity?

A

What all humans are born with, so skin, mucous membranes, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are specific immunity?

A

Immunity that your body has learned so B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does nonspecific defenses do?

A

They guard equally against a broad range of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is specific or adaptive immunity?

A

When the body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Wandering connective tissue killing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How does neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

Produces a cloud of bactericidal chemicals and kills all around it and itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

Mainly in mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How do eosinophils kill?

A

Promote action of basophils and mast cells; limit action of histamine and other inflammatory chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Secrete chemical that aid other leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What chemicals do basophils secrete?

A

Leukotrienes, histamine, and heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does leukotrienes do?

A

Activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does histamine do?

A

A vasodilator, increases blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Inhibits clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the categories of lymphocytes?

A

T,B, and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Transform into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What do wandering macrophages do?

A

Actively seek pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What do fixed macrophages do?

A

It will phagocytize only pathogens that come to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are interferons?

A

They are secreted by certain cells that are infected by viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What does interferons do?

A

Activate NK cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Bind to enemy cell, release perforins that create a hole in its plasma membrane, secrete granzymes that induce apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Why does our body create fevers?

A

To promote interferon activity and accelerates tissue repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What do neutrophils do when you puncture yourself?

A

Release selectins to cause leukocytes to adhere to the blood vessel wall and release chemotaxis that attract chemicals to the injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What do monocytes do to tissue cleanup?

A

Main agents; engulf and destroy bacterial, damaged host cells, and dead/dying neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the two characteristics that distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance?

A

Specificity - immunity directed against a particular pathogen
Memory - when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

When lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells, rids the body of pathogens, and kills cells that harbor them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Mediated by antibodies that do no directly destroy but tag the pathogen for destruction. Only works against extracellular stages of infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

When the production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Production of ones own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum from another person or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What are antigen?

A

Any molecule that triggers an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What are epitopes?

A

Certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses

86
Q

What is MH class 1 do?

A

It sits on the membrane of a cell, it will hold any antigen and alert the body if it’s a foreign one.

87
Q

What are Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Killer T cells that are effectors of cellular immunity; carry out the attacks

88
Q

What are Helper T cells?

A

They promote the Tc cells and B cell action and nonspecific resistance

89
Q

What are Regulatory T cells?

A

Inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells: limit immune response

90
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

Descend from the cytotoxic T cells, responsible for memory in cellular immunity

91
Q

What is the native lymphocyte pool?

A

Immunocompetent T cells that have not yet encountered foreign antigens

92
Q

Where are B cells developed?

A

In the bone marrow

93
Q

What does both B cells and T cells go through if they fail their test?

A

Anergy or clonal deletion

94
Q

What do T cells need to find antigens?

A

Antigen-presenting cells because they cannot recognize antigens on their own

95
Q

What determine the function of APCs?

A

The major histocompatibility (MHC) complex proteins

96
Q

What does the MH class 2 show?

A

It will show if it is destroying the bacteria

97
Q

What do Tc cells respond only to?

A

MHC-1 proteins

98
Q

What do Th cells respond only to?

A

MHC-2 proteins

99
Q

What happens when T cell is activated?

A

Costimulation will trigger clonal selection when the T cell goes through mitosis giving rise to identical T cells programmed against the same epitope; some become effector cells other become memory T cells.

100
Q

What happens when a helper T cell recognizes the Ag-MHCP complex?

A

Secretes interleukins that attract Neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and stimulate T and B cell mitosis

101
Q

What is immunoglobulin (Ig)?

A

an antibody that is a defensive gamma globulin

102
Q

What are the actions of the immunoglobulin classes?

A

Neutralizing antigens, immobilizing bacteria, agglutinating and precipitating antigen, activating complement, and enhancing phagocytosis

103
Q

When are the IgG and IgM released?

A

During the humoral immunity response

104
Q

Which one is between IgG or IgM is better during the secondary response?

A

IgG

105
Q

What is the function of respiration?

A

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, and acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, blood and lymph flow, blood filtration, and expulsion of abdominal contents

106
Q

What does the air go through?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, then stop in the alveoli

107
Q

What is the conducting division of the respiratory system?

A

No gas exchange, just passages that serve only for airflow, nostrils through major bronchioles.

108
Q

What is the respiratory division?

A

Consist of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

109
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, pharynx, then larynx

110
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, then lungs

111
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Warms, cleans, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors, amplifies voice

112
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

113
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

To keep food and drink out of the airway

114
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

115
Q

What are the first three large cartilage of the larynx?

A

Epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid

116
Q

Where is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Adam’s apple

117
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage do?

A

Connects larynx to trachea

118
Q

What are the 3 smaller cartilage of the larynx?

A

Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

119
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Posterior to thyroid cartilage (2)

120
Q

Where is the corniculate cartilage?

A

Attached to arytenoid, looks like horns (2)

121
Q

Where is the cuneiform cartilage?

A

Support tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis (2)

122
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

allows room for the esophagus to expand and contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow

123
Q

What is tracheostomy?

A

To make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

124
Q

What are the parts of the lungs?

A

The base, apex, costal surface, and mediastinal surface

125
Q

What is different about the right lung?

A

It is shorter then left because the liver is higher on the right - has three lobes, separated by horizontal and oblique fissure

126
Q

What is different about the left lung?

A

Tall and narrow because the heart, has a cardiac impression - 2 lobed and separated by a oblique fissure

127
Q

What are the regions of the bronchi?

A

It splits by the carina into the two main (primary) bronchi. Then the lobar (secondary) bronchi will branch off which then gets branched off into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi

128
Q

How many lobar do the left and right sides have?

A

The right have 3 and left has 2 (like lobes)

129
Q

How many segmental bronchi are on each side?

A

10 on right and 8 on left

130
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

The final branches of conducting division which then divided into a lot of terminal bronchioles.

131
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles?

A

The beginning of the respiratory division which then divide into alveolar ducts

132
Q

What are the squamous (type 1) alveolar cells?

A

Thin broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion. Cover 95%

133
Q

What are the great (type 2) alveolar cells?

A

Round to cuboidal cells that cover 5%, repair when the type 1 is damaged. also secrete pulmonary surfactant

134
Q

What are the alveolar macrophages cells?

A

Most numerous and keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

135
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

136
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

Squamous alveolar cells, endothelial cells, and shared basement membrane

137
Q

How does oxygen move across the alveoli?

A

Through facilitated diffusion

138
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Serous membrane that covers lungs

139
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

Inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of the diaphragm

140
Q

What are the functions of pleura and pleural fluid?

A

Reduce friction, create pressure gradient (lower pressure than atmospheric pressure), and compartmentalization (prevents spread of infection)

141
Q

From superficial to deep, the order of the layers of the lungs?

A

Ribs - parietal pleura, pleural cavity (fluid), then visceral pleura - lung

142
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The prime mover of respiration, 2/3 of airflow

143
Q

What does contraction do the the diaphragm?

A

Flattens it by enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling air into lungs

144
Q

What does relaxation do to the diaphragm?

A

Allows it do bulge upward, compressing the lungs and expelling air

145
Q

What do the internal external intercostal muscles do during respiratory?

A

They stiffen the thoracic cage and prevent it from caving inwards when diaphragm descends; 1/3 airflow.

146
Q

What is normal quiet expiration?

A

An energy-saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

147
Q

What is forced expiration?

A

Greatly increased abdominal pressure pushes viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure

148
Q

What is Valsalva maneuver?

A

Taking a deep breath, holding it by closing the glottis, then contracting the abdominal muscles to raise abdominal pressure and push organ contents out - vomiting, childbirth

149
Q

What is respiratory airflow proportional to?

A

The pressure difference between two points

150
Q

What drives respiration?

A

Atmospheric pressure

151
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

At a constant temp, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

152
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

The slightly negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers (the -5)

153
Q

What is Charles’s law?

A

That volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

154
Q

What happens during quiet breathing?

A

The dimensions of the thoracic cage increases only a few millimeters in each direction

155
Q

What is relaxed breathing?

A

The passive process achieved mainly by elastic recoil of the thoracic cage, recoil compresses the lungs and volume of thoracic cavity decreases

156
Q

What is forced breathing?

A

Accessory muscles raise the intrapulmonary pressure as high as +40

157
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

A

Presence of air in pleural cavity, loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows lungs to recoil and collapse

158
Q

What is broncodilation?

A

When there is an increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole - increased airflow

159
Q

What causes the dilation of the bronchioles?

A

Epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation

160
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

Decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole - decreased airflow

161
Q

What caused bronchoconstriction?

A

Histamine, parasympathetic nerves, suffocation

162
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

Ease with which the lungs can expand

163
Q

What limits pulmonary compliance?

A

Surface tension of the water film inside alveoli

164
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

Conducting division of airway where there is no gas exchange, altered somewhat by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

165
Q

What is the tidal respiratory volume?

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle

166
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

167
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

168
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

169
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort

170
Q

What is the formula to solve vital capacity?

A

VC= ERV +TV+IRV

171
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

172
Q

What is the formula of inspiratory capacity?

A

IC = TV + IRV

173
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

174
Q

What is the formula of functional residual capacity?

A

FRC = RV + ERV

175
Q

What is the formula lung capacity?

A

TLC = RV + VC

176
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

177
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

178
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

At the air-water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

179
Q

What does “loaded” mean?

A

Something going into the blood

180
Q

What is the pressure gradient of CO2?

A

PCO2 = 46 mmHg in blood arriving vs 40 mm Hg in alveolar air

180
Q

What is the pressure gradient of oxygen?

A

PO2 = 104 mm Hg is alveolar air vs 40 mmHg in blood

181
Q

What is the relationship with surface area and diffusion?

A

They are proportional

182
Q

What does membrane thickness do?

A

Presents little obstacle to diffuse

183
Q

What does a thicker membrane do?

A

Gases have farther to travel between blood and air

184
Q

How does oxygen transport?

A

98.5% bound to hemoglobin and the rest dissolved in plasma

185
Q

How does carbon dioxide transport?

A

90% is hydrated to form carbonic acid, 5% is bound to proteins and 5% is dissolved as a gas in plasma

186
Q

How does carbon dioxide exchange?

A

70% of CO2 comes from carbonic acid, 23% comes from proteins, and 7% comes straight from plasma

187
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

When O2 bound to hemoglobin

188
Q

How many globins does each Hb molecule consist of?

A

4

189
Q

What does globin bind to?

A

CO2

190
Q

What is the formula of CO2 coming into the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide comes in and binds with water to from carbonic acid, then it is dissociated into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

191
Q

What two bind to the heme site on the hemoglobin?

A

Oxygen and carbon monoxide

192
Q

What causes the CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

193
Q

What pushes the carbonate into the plasma?

A

The Cl- shift

194
Q

Where does the H+ go after being dissociated from carbonic acid?

A

It will bind to the oxyhemoglobin causing a release of oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin going back into the blood

195
Q

How does the alveolar gas exchange mainly work?

A

Oxygen in the alveolar air will get a high concentration and take the H off the HHb causing it to then bind back with the carbonate and do the same formula as the systemic.

196
Q

What does CO2 do to pH levels?

A

It produces H making the pH lower

197
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When the blood pH is lower then 7.35

198
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

When the blood pH is higher then 7.45

199
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

When the pressure of CO2 is less them 37 mmHg, it is caused by alkalosis

200
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

When the pressure of CO2 is greater then 43 mmHg, caused by acidosis

201
Q

Why do we hyperventilate?

A

It is a corrective homeostatic response to acidosis

202
Q

Why do we hypoventilate?

A

It is a corrective homeostatic response to alkalosis

203
Q

How does CO2 affect respiration?

A

It has indirect effects, through pH

204
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation

205
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Severe, persistent inflammation of lower respiratory tract

206
Q

What happens during chronic bronchitis?

A

Production of excess mucus that causes bacterial growth and can cause a chronic cough

207
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

When the alveolar walls break down which causes less respiratory membrane for gas exchange

208
Q

What happens to the lungs during emphysema?

A

They become flabby and cavitated with large spaces

209
Q

What happens do the air passages in emphysema?

A

They collapse, air gets trapped in lungs and the person becomes barrel-chested, then weakens thoracic muscles

210
Q

What does COPD cause?

A

Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis

211
Q

What is Cor pulmonale?

A

Hypertrophy and potential failure of the right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions