BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS

Question 1

what is haemotology

Answer 1

study of blood and its disorders

Question 2

what is liquid connective tissue

Answer 2

cellular component+ extracellular matrix

Question 3

what is cellular/ formed elements

Answer 3

cells+ cell fragments

Question 4

what is matrix

Answer 4

plasma= clear, light yellow fluid; serum= clotting protein fibrinogen

Question 5

what are the types of formed elements

Answer 5

1. erythrocytes (RBC)
2. Platelets
3. leukocytes (WBC)
   i. granulocytes
   a. neutrophils
   b. eosinophils
   c. basophils
   ii. agranulocytes
   a. lymphovytes
   b. monocytes

Question 6

what is haematrocrit

Answer 6

% by volume of erythrocytes in blood

Question 7

what is the typical haematocrit

Answer 7

37-52%

Question 8

Plasma proteins

Answer 8

6-9g/dl; produced by liver except for gamma globulins

Question 9

where are gamma globulins produces

Answer 9

by B lymphocytes

Question 10

what are the three major categories of plasma proteins

Answer 10

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 11

What is albumin

Answer 11

most abundant; transports various solutes; buffers pH; significant contributions to viscosity and osmolarity of blood

Question 12

What are globulins

Answer 12

alpha, beta and gamma; solute transport, clotting and immunity

Question 13

What is fibrinogen

Answer 13

precursor of fibrin; forms structural component of blood clot

Question 14

Alpha globulins

Answer 14

haptoglobulin- tranports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes
ceruloplasmin- transports copper
prothrombin- promotes blood clotting
others- transports lipids, fat soluble vitamins and hromones

Question 15

beat globulins

Answer 15

transferrin- transport iron
complement proteins- aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
others- transports lipids

Question 16

Gamma globulins

Answer 16

antibodies; combat pathogens

Question 17

What is viscosity

Answer 17

can be thought of as thickness/ stickiness; whole blood 4.5-5.5 times more viscous than water- mainly due to RBCs; plasma 2 times more vicious- mainly due to albumin

Question 18

what is osmolarity

Answer 18

measure of concentration of non diffusible solutes, ie those that cannot cross the capillary wall; mainly due to sodium ions, proteins and RBCs. important to maintain blood volume and therefore blood pressure

Question 19

What is haemopoeisis

Answer 19

formation of blood

Question 20

haemopoeisis

Answer 20

1. 400 billion platelets, 200 billions RBCs, 10 billions WBCs formed per day
2. red bone marrow produced all seven formed elements- myeloid haemopoeisis
3. lymphatic tissues (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic tissue in mucus membrane) produce lymphocytes - lymphoid haemopoiesis

Question 21

platelets

Answer 21

pluripotent – megakaryoblast– megakaryocyte

Question 22

What is hemostasis

Answer 22

a. vasoconstriction of a broken blood vessel reduced bleeding
b. a platelet plug forms as platelets become enmeshed in fibrin threads. this forms a longer lasting seal and gives the vessel a chance t repair itself

Question 23

Blood groups

Answer 23

there are many antigens on RBCs

if blood is given from one person to another, antibody-antigen reactions can lead to agglutination of RBCs

Question 24

What are antigens

Answer 24

regions that give rise to specific antibodies

Question 25

what are the different blood groups

Answer 25

1. ABO groups a. antigens A/B b. type A,B,AB,O 1. A produces anti B 2. B produces anti A 3. O- produces anti A/B 4. AB- produces no antibodies to A/B

Question 26

Bood group

Answer 26

Type O is the universal donor type AB is the universal recipient other groups such as rhesus are considered when matching donors and recipients to minimise transfusion reactions

Question 27

What is the structure of blood vessels

Answer 27

1. Tunica interna (intima) 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa

Question 28

what is tunica interna

Answer 28

squamous epithelium (endothelium) + basement membrane; selectively permeable barrier

Question 29

what is tunica media

Answer 29

usually the thickest; smooth muscle + collagen (+ elastic tissue); strengthens vessels; resists blood pressure; allows change of radius- vasomotor; blood flow is proportional to the fourth power of radius

Question 30

what is tunica externa

Answer 30

loose connective tissue; anchors vessels; transmits nerves, lymphatic, and the vas vasorum

Question 31

why are they called formed element

Answer 31

because they are enclosed in a plasma membrane and have a visible structure

Question 32

what are platelets

Answer 32

they are fragments of certain bone marrow cells

Question 33

how can formed elements be separated

Answer 33

centrifuge; rbc are more dense than blood plasma and are at bottom of tube and constitute about 45% of volume

Question 34

what makes up the Buffy coat

Answer 34

wbc and platelets above the rbc layer

Question 35

blood is about __% plasma and __% formed elements b volume

Answer 35

55 and 45

Question 36

what do the formed elements include

Answer 36

erythrocytes, platelets and five kinds of leukocytes

Question 37

what is erythropoiesis

Answer 37

erythrocyte production; normally generated about 2.5 million rbc per second

Question 38

what does blood consist of

Answer 38

plasma and formed elements

Question 39

what does plasma consist of

Answer 39

water, proteins and dissolved materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes

Question 40

plasma makes up about __% of blood

Answer 40

55

Question 41

thrombocytes

Answer 41

platelets

Question 42

where is the heart located

Answer 42

in a fibrous sac known as the parietal pericardium which has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer

Question 43

what is the outer surface of the heart called

Answer 43

epicardium; visceral pericardium

Question 44

where does the deoxygenated blood enter through the heart

Answer 44

right atrium by three vessels; superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

Question 45

why are the walls of the right atrium thin

Answer 45

they only have to pump blood to the right ventricle

Question 46

what is the tricuspid valve made of

Answer 46

three cusps; chord tendinae, and papillary muscles that hold the chordae tendinae to the ventricle wall

Question 47

where does the blood pass from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

Answer 47

the semilunar valve

Question 48

when the left ventricle contracts, where does the blood pass through into the ascending aorta

Answer 48

aortic semilunar valve

Question 49

why do arteries have which walls

Answer 49

due to higher pressure found in them

Question 50

what is the outer layer of the artery called

Answer 50

tunica externa (adventia)

Question 51

the middle layer of the artery is...

Answer 51

tunica media

Question 52

what is the inner most layer of the artery

Answer 52

tunica intima (interna)

Question 53

what is the special elastic layer called in the tunica interna

Answer 53

lamina elastic interna

Question 54

what is the area in the artery called

Answer 54

lumen

Question 55

what are capillary composed of

Answer 55

squamous epithelium (called endothelium)

Question 56

what are the three types of granulocytes

Answer 56

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Question 57

what are the two types of agranulocytes

Answer 57

lymphocytes | monocytes

Question 58

what are the major type of white cells

Answer 58

``` neutrophils lymphocytes eosinophils basophils monocytes ```

Question 59

what are the lymphatic tissues

Answer 59

thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic tissues in mucus membranes

Question 60

what do the lymphatic tissues produce

Answer 60

lymphocytes- lymphoid haemopoeises

Question 61

what does the red bone marrow produce

Answer 61

all 7 formed elements- myeloid process

Question 62

what is the name of the process of abc making the 7 formed elements

Answer 62

myeloid process

Question 63

name of process of lymphatic tissues producing lymphocytes

Answer 63

lymphoid haemopoeisis

Question 64

what are the different type of blood clotting

Answer 64

vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation

Question 65

what is vascular spasm

Answer 65

vasoconstriction of a broken vessel that reduces bleeding

Question 66

what is platelet plug formation

Answer 66

platelet plug forms as platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibres of vessel wall. Platelet plug temporarily seals the break

Question 67

what is coagulation

Answer 67

as blood clot forms as platelet becomes enmeshed in fibrin threads. This forms a longer lasting seal and gives vessel time to repair

Question 68

what's the inner most layer of the artery

Answer 68

tunica intima and it has a special elastic layer called the lamina elastic Interna