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MOLECULES OF LIFE Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

what is anatomy

A

study of structure of living things

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2
Q

what are the levels of structures

A

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom

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3
Q

what are our chordate characteristics

A
  1. pharyngeal arches
  2. tail that extends beyond anus
  3. A notochord
  4. dorsal hollow nerve chord
    first three features are only found in embryo and fetes; only nerve cord persists through life as spinal chord and brain
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4
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches

A

a series of bulges that develop in the pharyngeal (throat) region. Pharyngeal pushes between these open and form gill slits in fish amphibians, bu tho in humans

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5
Q

what is a tailbone

A

tail that extends beyond anus; small bones of coccyx remain after birth as a remnant of this

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6
Q

what is a notochord

A

a dorsal, flexible rod found only in the embryo

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7
Q

what Is a dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

a column of nervous tissue that passes along the dorsal (upper) side of the body was has a central canal filled with fluid

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8
Q

what are other chordates

A

fish lizards and birds

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9
Q

what are our vertebrate characteristics

A
  1. well developed brain and sense organs
  2. internal skeleton
  3. jointed vertebral column (spine)
  4. protective, bony enclosure for the brain- cranium
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10
Q

what are other vertebra

A

fish, reptiles, birds and mammals

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11
Q

what are our mammalian characteristics

A
  1. mammary glands
  2. hair
  3. endothermy
  4. heterodonty
  5. jawbone
  6. three middle ear bones
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12
Q

mammary glands

A

useful for nourishing young with milk

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13
Q

hair

A

serves in most mammals to retain body heat

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14
Q

endothermy

A

ability to generate most body heat by metabolic means instead of having to warm up by sun

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15
Q

heterodonty

A

possession of varies types of teeth specialises to eat food. they make chemical digestion faster. rapid digestion is necessary to support high metabolic rate needed to maintain endothermic animals

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16
Q

jawbone

A

also known as mandible

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17
Q

three middle ear bones

A

known as hammer, anvil and stirrup

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18
Q

less that ___ % of animals are mammals

A

0.2

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19
Q

what are other mammals

A

monkeys,dogs,rats and horses

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20
Q

what are our primate characteristics

A
  1. four upper and lower incisors , front cutting teeth
  2. pair of functional clavicles
  3. two mammary glands
  4. forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision
  5. flat nails in place of claws
  6. opposable thumbs that can touch the fingertips, enabling hand to encircle and grasp objects
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21
Q

what are out hominid characteristics

A

large brans, speech, tool making

bipedalism

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22
Q

what is the reference man

A

healthy male 22y/o
70kg
mean ambient temperature of 20 light physical activity
2800 k/cal per day

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23
Q

reference female

A 
healthy 22/yo
58kg
20 degrees
physical activity
2000k/cal per day
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24
Q

what is homeostasis

A

body ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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25
what is dynamic equilibrium
physiological values fluctuate very closely around an average value
26
what is negative feedback
process which body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse it
27
what is the process of negative feedback
receptor integrating (control) centre effector feedback loop
28
what is the receptor
senses change
29
what is the control centre
processes signals and compares to reference value
30
what is the effector
carries out corrective action
31
what is the control of blood pressure
baroreceptors above hear respond to drop in bp signals sent to cardiac centre of brainstream cardiac centre accelerated heart beat
32
what is positive feedback
physiological change lead to even greater change in the same direction. used when rapid change is needed
33
what is the anatomical position
stand erect with feet flat on floor arms at sides plans face and eyes facing forwards
34
what does the axial region consist of
head, neck (cervical region) and trunk
35
what is the trunk divided into
thoracic region above diaphragm and abdominal region below it
36
what does appendicular region consist of
upper and Lower limbs (appendages and extremities)
37
what is the upper limb
``` arm (brachial region) forearm (antebrachial) wrist (carpal) hand (manual) fingers (digits) ```
38
what is the lower limb
thigh (femoral region) leg (crural) ankle (tarsal) foot (pedal)
39
what are the body cavities
``` cranial cavity vertebral cavity thoracic cavity (pleural cavities) (pericardial cavities) abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity) (pelvic cavity) ```
40
cranial cavity
brain
41
vertebral canal
spinal cord
42
what is the membranous line of the brain and spinal cord
meninges
43
what is the membranous lining of the lungs
pleurae
44
what is the membranous lining of the heart
pericardium
45
what is the membranous lining of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, bladder, rectum and reproductive organs
peritoneum
46
what are the associated viscera of the pleural cavities
lungs
47
what are the associated viscera of pericardial cavity
heart
48
what are the associated viscera of abdominal cavity
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
49
what are the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
50
what are serous membranes
they secrete lubricating fluid (similar to blood serum)
51
what are the molecules of life
H20
52
Water
* 50-70% of the body water * nearly all reaction in body take place with water as solvent * water allows molecules to move throughout body
53
what is a hydrophilic substance
it dissolves in water eg sugars
54
what is a hydrophobic substance
doesn't dissolve in water eg fats
55
what is the structure of carbohydrates
(CH20)n eg glucose | polysaccharides eg glycogen
56
what are the different types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides conjugates carbohydrates
57
what are the three different types of monosaccharides
glucose- blood sugar energy source for most cells galactose- converted to glucose and metabolised fructose- fruit sugar converted to glucose and metabolised
58
what are the three different disaccharides
sucrose- cane sugar digested to glucose and fructose lactose - digested to glucose and galactose important in infant nutrition maltose- product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose
59
what are the three different polysaccharides
cellulose- structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fibre starch- energy storage in plant cells glycogen- energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)
60
what are the three different conjugated carbohydrates
glycoprotein- component of the cell surface car and mucus, among other roles glycolipid- component of the cell surface coat proteoglycan- cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs
61
carbohydrates - energy
* glucose can be metabolised to yield ATP- this is called glycolysis * ATP- adenosine triphosphate is body energy currency
62
what are the types of lipids/ fats
bile acids, cholesterol, eicosanoids, fat soluble vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids, steroid hormones, triglycerides
63
what are bile acids
steroid that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
64
wha is cholesterol
component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids
65
what are eicosanoids
chemical messenger between cells
66
what are fat soluble vitamins
involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption
67
what are fatty acids
precursor of triglycerides; source of energy
68
what are phospholipids
major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion
69
what are steroid hormones
chemical messenger between cells
70
what are triglycerides
energy storage: thermal insulation: filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs
71
what are protein structures
polymer of amino acids
72
protein s- catalysts
1. enzyme and substrate 2. enzyme-substrate complex 3. enzyme and reaction products proteins lower activation energy resulting in faster reaction
73
what are nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides
74
what are the functions or proteins
1. structure- keratin, collagen 2. communication- hormones eg insulin 3. membrane transport channels 4. catalysts eg glucokinase 5. recognition/ protection- glycoproteins 6. movement- actin/myosin, microtubules 7. cell adhesion eg sperm binding to an egg cell
75
functions or proteins
``` structure communication membrane tranport catalysts recognition/protection movement cell adhesion ```
76
superior
above
77
inferior
below
78
medial
being close to midline
79
lateral
to the side
80
anterior/ ventral
to the front
81
posterior/dorsa
to the back
82
superficial
near to the surface
83
deep
to the core of body
84
proximal
closer to trunk
85
distal
ends of extremities
86
transverse section
cuts horizontally
87
coronal/frontal section
anterior and posterior parts
88
sagital section
left and right
89
what are cells
structural and functional units of life
90
what are the regions of the abdomen
hypochondriac, lunar/lateral, inguinal/iliac, umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric
91
what is the hypochondriac region
below the cartilage
92
lunar/lateral abdominal
inferior to hypochondriac regions known as love handles
93
inguinal/iliac
below lumbar region
94
umbilical region
middle of abdomen
95
epigastric region
above umbilival region
96
hypogastric
below umbilici region
97
what is the skeletal system
consists of all bones of body
98
what is the nervous system
consists of nerves spinal cord and brain
99
what is the lymphatic system
consists of lymph glands, conducting tubes called lymphatics, and organs such as the spleen
100
what is the muscular system
consists of individual skeletal muscles as organs such as the pectorals major and deltoid
101
what is the integumentary system and digestive system
skin and other structures and involves the breakdown and absorption of food with organs such oesophagus and stomach
102
what is the endocrine system
made of glands that secrete hormones such as thyroid gland and adrenal glands
103
what is the respiratory system
involves transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
104
what is the cardiovascular system
heart and associated blood vessels which circulated blood throughout body
105
what is the urinary system
consists of bladder and urethra
106
what is the reproductive system
consists of reproductive system; testes and ovaries

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